Why India avoids alliances

印度为什么不喜欢结盟

AS CHINA grows in economic power and military might, other Asian players are looking to India as a likely counterweight. Their thinking is that with its population set to overtake ’s in the next decade and its economy growing faster, India will be uniquely equipped to stand up to the region’s potential bully. So it is that big powers such as America and Japan, along with smaller ones such as Australia, Singapore and France (which has island territories in the Indian and Pacific Oceans) have with growing urgency courted India as an ally. Yet much as it sympathises with fellow de ocracies and harbours its own deep concerns about , India keeps brushing them off. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has instead worked hard to cultivate personal ties with President ; in late April the two held an informal two-day summit in Wuhan (pictured above). India’s biggest arms-supplier is Russia, an increasingly close ally of . Some in Delhi even counsel shunning the West and seeking a similar alliance with neighbours to the north. Why is India so aloof?

随着经济实力和军事实力的增长，其他亚洲国家把印度看做一个可能的制衡力量。他们的想法是，印度在未来10年内人口数量将超过，经济增长速度将加快，印度将具有得天独厚的条件来对抗该地区潜在的霸主。因此，美国、日本等大国，以及澳大利亚、新加坡和法国(它们在印度洋和太平洋拥有岛屿领土)等小国，都迫切地想要拉拢印度作为盟友。然而，尽管印度同情其他民*国家，并对怀有深切的担忧，但却一直不理会这些国家。印度总理纳伦德拉•莫迪一直在努力与搞好关系；4月底，两国在武汉举行了为期两天的非正式峰会。印度最大的武器供应国是俄罗斯，后者是日益紧密的盟友。德里的一些人甚至建议避开西方，与北方邻国结盟。为什么印度如此高冷?

To countries worried by the rise of , the construction of a containing ring of military allies looks sensible. Individually, small Asian countries are no match for the dragon; allied with bigger powers, they might be. An obvious missing piece of the ring, just now, is India. This seems strange. India has plenty of reasons to be wary of . The two fought a brief border war in 1962; each still claims territories the other holds, and this remains a cause of periodic scuffling. props up India’s nuclear-armed rival Pakistan with generous doses of arms and money; it has made increasingly bold inroads in smaller countries that India views as part of its own traditional sphere of influence, such as the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Another annoyance is that also runs a big and growing trade surplus with India. Partly in response to all this, India has warmed to America in recent years, signing small-scale military co-operation agreements and contracts for some American arms. It also sustains cordial military ties with regional de ocracies that would love a deeper strategic engagement. But even so India has consistently shied from formalising such relationships into anything looking like an alliance.

对那些担心崛起的国家来说，建立一个包含军事同盟的小集体似乎是明智的。就单个国家而言，亚洲小国比不上龙；他们可能愿意与更强大的国家结盟。目前，印度显然是这个环形中缺失的一块。这似乎很奇怪。印度有很多理由对保持警惕。1962年，两国之间爆发了短暂的边境战争；双方都声称拥有对方拥有的领土，这也是两国间周期性矛盾的原因。慷慨地向拥有核武器的印度的对手巴基斯坦提供武器和资金；还不断进入印度的传统势力范围，如马尔代夫、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡。另一个令人烦恼的问题是，对印度的贸易顺差也在不断扩大。作为对这一切的回应，印度近年来对美国热情高涨，签署了小规模的军事合作协议和武器采购合同。印度还维持与地区内民*国家的友好军事关系，而这些民*国家很欢迎建立更深层次的战略接触。但即便如此，印度始终不愿将这种关系正式化，变成任何看起来类似于结盟的关系。

Frustrated Western suitors tend to interpret such prevarication as a lack of political will. But Indian dithering is less hapless than it may seem. Since its birth as a nation in 1947 India has consistently sought—though not always convincingly achieved—a full degree of strategic autonomy. During the cold war it was far enough from the important theatres of Soviet-American rivalry to avoid taking sides. As Indian leaders then dabbled with socialism, explored friendships with other post-colonial states and found America pum arms into Pakistan as a reward for its ruling generals’ “anti-Co sm”, they grew disillusioned with the West. India was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement that sought to form a third pole to East-West rivalries. It abhorred America’s involvement in Vietnam, and in 1971 was shocked by the Nixon administration’s fierce opposition to independence for Bangladesh. Later, India opposed brash American policies such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It also resented being punished for develo nuclear weapons even as , which tested its atom bomb just ten years before India, was welcomed into the nuclear club. Only in the past decade has America distanced itself from Pakistan, and tried more actively to woo India.

沮丧的西方追捧者往往把这种搪塞敷衍解释为印度缺乏政治意愿。但印度人的优柔寡断并不像表面上那么不幸。自1947年印度作为一个国家诞生以来，印度一直在寻求——尽管并非总是令人满意——实现完全的战略自治。在冷战期间，印度远离苏联-美国之间的重要战场避免被迫站队。当印度领导人涉足社会主义、发展与其他摆脱殖民统治的国家的友谊、发现美国向巴基斯坦输送武器以奖励其执政将领的“反*主义”时，他们开始对西方感到失望。印度是不结盟运动的创始国之一，希望打造东西方对抗之外的第三极。印度憎恶美国参与越南战争，1971年，尼克松政府强烈反对孟加拉国独立，这让印度感到震惊。后来，印度反对美国轻率的政策，如2003年入侵伊拉克。印度还对因发展核武器而受到惩罚表示不满，尽管在印度之前10年就进行了原子弹试验，但却受到了核俱乐部的欢迎。美国直到最近10年才开始与巴基斯坦保持距离并更积极地努力拉拢印度。

So, while India is indeed wary of , it also bears a legacy of mistrust towards America. India’s establishment instinctively prefers the West, but its strategic thinkers caution that the country should avoid entangling alliances. Vast oceans separate countries such as America and Australia from , they note, but with India it shares a long land border. ’s economy is now five times India’s; rather risky to signal to such a neighbour that India favours a “containment” strategy. Besides, India has a strong sense of itself as an emerging superpower. Until now, in the modern world, an underperforming economy has held it back from playing a bigger role. Given time and patience, though, India itself will become a powerful pole in a multipolar world.

因此，尽管印度确实对怀有戒心，但同时也保留了对美国的不信任。印度的建制派本能地倾向于西方，但其战略思想家警告说，印度应该避免结盟。他们指出，美国和澳大利亚这样的大国与远隔重洋，但印度与接壤的陆地边界很长。现在的经济规模是印度的五倍；印度向邻国发出印度倾向于采取“遏制”战略的信号，这是相当危险的。此外，印度有强烈的自我意识，认为自己是新兴的超级大国。直到现在，在现代世界，表现不佳的经济让印度无法发挥更大的作用。然而，只要给印度一些时间和耐心，印度自身就将成为多极世界中的一个重要角色。

文章来自：https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/06/01/why-india-avoids-alliances?fsrc=rss

美国雅虎读者的评论：

Clear

Modi understand why. He doesn't want India to become a proxy for America like Japan, Australia, and South Korea. India also remember what are the causes of all the pain in Asia: British colony. West-caused Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Banglash separation. West-caused conflict with boarder. West-caused division between and Taiwan. West-caused division between the Koreas. West-cause mayhem in the Middle East. You don't even have to be that educated to understand why Modi rather trust than the West.

莫迪明白为什么。他不希望印度成为像日本、澳大利亚和韩国那样的美国的代理国。印度还牢记着亚洲所有痛苦的根源：英国殖民地。西方国家造成巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、班吉的分裂。西方制造了与边境的冲突。大陆和台湾之间因为西方国家而分裂。西方制造了朝韩分裂。西方造成中东混乱。你甚至不需要了解这些就能目标为什么莫迪更信任而不是西方。

Cheez

India led the non aligned movement at the height of cold war - it was a brave thing to do. Why should countries split between two power blocks?

在冷战最严重的时期，印度领导了不结盟运动——这是一件勇敢的事情。为什么国家必须在两个权力集团之间做选择?

z2cents

Good for India. In the long term, i see India and are friends, they share so much in common when it comes to culture and history. An alliance with the west and the US in particular will only result in being bullied or becoming a proxy. Look at Pakistan, middle east, Africa, Japan...

这对印度是很好的。长远来看，我认为印度和是朋友，他们在文化和历史上有很多共通之处。与西方尤其是美国结盟，只会导致被他们欺负或成为他们的代理国。看看巴基斯坦、中东、非洲、日本就知道了……

Will

Because that alliance (US) is not dependable.

因为结盟并不可靠。

Biswajit

indians are intellectual class of people (hinduism+ budhism) and very tolerant. They are not interested in war. Don't get wrong, if they are threatened they can certainly strike back

印度人是聪明有才智的人(印度教+佛教)，非常宽容。他们对战争不感兴趣。不过别误会，一旦他们受到威胁，他们肯定会反击

Clear

If you understand common sense and logic, then tell me why would and India be enemies?

如果你有常识和逻辑，那就告诉我为什么和印度要成为敌人?

Anamjem / WAK.

TODAY I ADMIRE INDIA TO BE IN NEUTRAL FOREIGN POLICIES AND NON ALLIANCE TO RUSSIA, CHINA AND USA! BECAUSE INDIANS ARE MORE AWARE THAN GOVERNMENT ABOUT HOW ALLIANCE DRAG IN TO WARS?

今天，我钦佩印度奉行中立的外交政策，不与俄罗斯、和美国结盟! 因为印度人民比政府更清楚，盟国会如何被卷入战争?

Rainbow

if India want free and independent foreign policy then Modi's way is the best. Due to different skin color and culture and religion-- India will never be treated as equal partner or ally. The understand that and they are blazing their own trail.The adapted this path since the 50s. India should do the same and India is doing just that. Great job. Like Modi is doing---"Talk to all, trade with all."

如果印度想要自由和独立的外交政策，那么莫迪的方式是最好的。由于肤色、文化和宗教的不同，印度永远不会被当做平等的伙伴或盟友。明白这一点，他们正在开辟自己的道路。上世界50年代以来，就选择了这条道路。印度也应该这么做，而印度也正在这么做着。干得漂亮。就像莫迪所做的——“与所有人对话，与所有人进行贸易。”

bala

SIMPLE,HISTORICAL,SELFISH BETRAYAL BY THE WEST.

很简单，那就是历史上西方的自私的背叛。

independent

India Gave birth NAM during the cold war and It worked out very well. 99 percent of Indians do not war with any country including Pakistan. What we want is a de ocracy with zero tolerance on corruption. We are no where close to in terms of military power or economic power. We know there are no clear winners in any war. Our ex prime minister A. B Vajpayee once said India needs to liberalize within.

印度在冷战期间发起不结盟运动，效果很好。99%的印度人不愿意与包括巴基斯坦在内的任何国家开战。我们想要的是一个对腐败零容忍的民*国家。在军事实力和经济实力方面，我们与还相差甚远。我们很清楚，任何战争都没有绝对的胜利者。我们的前总理瓦杰帕伊曾说过，印度需要在国内实现自由化。

dissatisfied customer

People just dont get it. Indians are not a warlike people. They dont dream of ruling the waves, building empires or power pyramids etc. They are more like polynesians. Content in socializing, watching their movies, meeting friends and enjoying sports.

人们就是不明白。印度人不是好战的民族。他们并未幻想着统治大海，建立帝国或权力的金字塔等。他们更像波利尼西亚人。他们满足于社交、看电影、认识朋友、享受运动等方面。

Rainbow

Great job India. Like what Modi is doing---"Talk to all, trade with all."

印度棒棒哒。就像莫迪做的一样——跟所有人对话，对所有人贸易。

Ritesh

Ummm might be that the West supported Pakistan in Indo-Pak war during 1965 and 1971, whole heartedly knowing that Pakistan was the instigator and aggressor.

嗯，可能是西方在1965年和1971年的印巴战争中支持了巴基斯坦，我们都知道巴基斯坦是煽动者和侵略者。

Timur

takes a very long term view- a few hundred years, regardless what situation India is in, always regards India as a great power with a great heritage, and potential that would not join any alliances and be independent. Over a one thousand years history was greatly influenced by Buddhism from India.

的眼光是很长远的——几百年来，不管印度处于什么样的境地，始终把印度看做一个有着伟大传统和潜力的大国，印度不会加入任何联盟，也不会独立。在一千多年的历史中，深受印度佛教的影响。

India

Usually allies are expected to back each other in wars, but that will not happen with India as an ally. India is like Switzerland .. we prefer to be neutral and just work on develo our country. We also prefer everyone follows our lead in how to prevent wars and war alliances. Hence the Non Aligned movement.

通常情况下，盟友会在战争中互相支持，但印度作为盟友的话不会这样做。印度就像瑞士。我们宁愿保持中立，全心全意发展我们的国家。我们也希望每个人都能在如何防止战争和战争同盟中发挥带头作用。这就是不结盟运动。

Sanjeev

How can a country lead when it is totally corrupted internally?

一个国家在内部完全腐败的情况下如何做领头人?

ShantanuS

Two reasons: (1) You can only count on yourself for defense (2) You are not beholden someone else's self interest.

India manages good relationships with all warring parties. In the future India may even be able to bring them together to the negotiating table.

有两个原因：(1)在国防上只能靠自己(2)没有义务为别人的私利负责。

印度与所有交战各方都保持着良好的关系。在未来，印度甚至可以将他们召集到谈判桌前。

Abdul

because its a bully

因为他是个恃强欺弱的混蛋

TRUMP PENCE 2020

Perhaps they should get toilets first?

也许他们应该先把厕所问题搞定？

Dissapointed

Lol the US has backed Afghanistan against the Russians and Pakistan against Aghanistan and Al Qaeda. They also backed Israel and Saudi Arabia while destroying Irag which gave rise to ISIS. See a pattern develo? Apart from this, India not taking a side means they can continue to have amicable relations with anyone from Iran to Russia and only need to adhere to UN resolutions.

美国支持阿富汗对抗俄罗斯，支持巴基斯坦对抗阿格尼斯坦和基地组织。他们还支持以色列和沙特阿拉伯，同时摧毁伊拉克、扶持ISIS的。看到他们的套路了吧?除此之外，印度不站队就意味着他们可以继续与任何人保持友好关系，不管是伊朗还是俄罗斯，并且只需要遵守联合国的决议。

Ray

Counter-weight? 8 of the 10 ASEAN economies are dominated by the local ethnic .

抗衡?东盟10个经济体中，有8个由当地华人统治。

Message M

or India should take by force if necessary, the territory that France controls in that part of the world.

如有必要，或印度应以武力夺取法国在该地区控制的领土。

D P

Reasons are, (1) India doesn't trust the West because many Indian Ocean islands are occupied western nations & Westerners likes the idea of a weak India(media doesn't mention this). (2) India is a common wealth of states with diverging interests & has weak central power. It lives in fear of splintering into many nation states like Pakistan & Bangladesh. (3) with its great mobilization ability has leverage over India on several fronts, (a) fresh water resource, (b) influence over India's peripheral nations & Indian Ocean, (3) rise deflating to India because exposes India's systemic weaknesses. She cannot mobilize a coherent on the domestic front, never the less internationally.

原因是，(1)印度不信任西方，因为许多印度洋岛屿被西方国家占领，西方人喜欢软弱的印度(媒体没有提及这一点)。(2)印度是利益分化的各邦的共同财富，中央权力薄弱。印度生活在恐惧中，害怕分裂成许多国家邦，如巴基斯坦和孟加拉国。(3)以其强大的动员能力在几个方面对印度具有影响力，(a)淡水资源;(b)对印度周边国家和印度洋的影响；(c)因为印度系统性弱点的暴露，引发印度的紧缩通货。她不能在国内事务上保持一致，在国际事务上更是如此。

Anonymous

So many apologists on India's neutrality. Socialism practically sent India back to the caves. Hey how come majority of Indians, students, professionals, illegals, children of the rich and of politicians go to UK, USA, Australia and other Western European countries and not to Eastern Europe, or Russia or ? Double standards from these bloggers and commentators. Diehards of lingering anti western attitudes and apologists.

那么多为印度中立辩护的人。社会主义实际上让印度退回了山顶洞人时代。为什么大多数印度人、学生、专业人士、非法移民、富人和政客的孩子都去英国、美国、澳大利亚和其他西欧国家，而不是东欧、俄罗斯或?这些博主和评论员采用的是双重标准。

RichardG

India knows US would not treat him as equal partner. Alliance means a puppy to US

印度知道美国不会把他当作平等的伙伴。联盟意味着印度变成美国的走狗。

Sanjeev

as long as the money flowing from USA and Middle east.... Otherwsie it will go back to a poor country again

只要资金从美国和中东流入....否则印度将再次回到贫穷的国家

The Age of Rise of Heroes

indians are curry powder , magical cow people...

印度人是咖喱粉和神牛的传人……

Patriot

is aligned with Pakistan. India must align with someone to balance the power. Old logic does not apply anymore. India has been a stupid country for so long, they have no idea how to conduct effective foreign policy. Another factor makes it very hard is absolute messy political structure in India.

与巴基斯坦结盟。印度必须与某人结盟以平衡权力。旧的逻辑已经不再适用了。印度一直是一个愚蠢的国家，他们不知道如何实施有效的外交政策。另一个让这一切变得非常困难的因素是印度绝对混乱的政治结构。

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