Is India's education system right? I am not having a good experience as a student; it’s suffocating!

印度的教育体系正常吗？我作为学生感觉很不好，太令人窒息了！

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来源：三泰虎      http://www.santaihu.com/45935.html     译者：Joyceliu

外文链接：https://www.quora.com/Is-Indias-education-system-right-I-am-not-having-a-good-experience-as-a-student-it%E2%80%99s-suffocating

Chetan Naveen, B.Tech Metallurgy and Material Science, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, Indi...

Yes ,the Indian education system is right

是的，印度的教育体系没问题

The problem with the Indian education system is ourselves yes we Indians ourselves are big drawback of Indian education system

印度教育系统的问题在于我们自己，我们印度人自己是印度教育系统的一大缺陷

Whenever there is a issue with the education we blame it on our education system we say that our education system is based only on marks and not on talent but see there are only a handful of Indians who actually see talent instead of marks if we ourselves stop crying too much about marks then the education system will look good it is us who made the education system what it is now

每当有问题时，我们就归咎于教育系统，我们说我们的教育系统只注重分数，而不是才华，但只有少数印度人真的重视才华而非成绩。如果我们自己不再苛求成绩，我们的教育体系会变得更好，是我们自己一手造就了现在的教育系统。

Even if we made a lot of changes unless and until we change the way we think the changes we make will be of no use we will still end up blaming education system

即使我们做了很多改变，除非我们不再认为我们所做的改变是没有用的，否则我们最终还是会把责任推到教育系统上

Finally I heard this quote somewhere “if you don't like a rule follow the rule go to a position where you can remove the rule”

最后我在某处听到这样一句话"如果你不喜欢一个规则，那就遵循规直到你达到可以移除规则的位置"

So if you still think the problem is our education system follow it go to the top change it! If you want to and if you can

所以如果你仍然认为我们的教育系统有问题，那就遵从它，到达顶层然后改变它！如果你想，如果你能

No offence !

无意冒犯！

Feroz Louis, A person who believes that it is possible to know something about everything but not everything about somet...

Indian education system is broken. No doubt about it.

印度的教育体系已经崩溃。毫无疑问。

BUT you can't always focus on the negative. It is still this system which landed a MOM and Chandrayan, so we are doing something right also.

但你不能总是关注消极的一面。正是这个系统造就了MOM和钱德拉扬，所以我们也有正确的一面。

And to some extent you are also dependent on your teachers.

在某种程度上，你也依赖你的老师。

Work with them.

要配合老师。

Sathish Prabhu V, Manager-Operations & Process Improvement, Experienced in Oil &Gas,Auto Industry

I would classify our education system into two parts, School and college education. Both systems are good in many ways considering content, syllabus, method of testing, examination etc., results in expanding ones knowledge but both lacks enough in develo skills.

我将我们的教育系统分为两部分：学校教育和大学教育。这两个系统在内容，教学大纲，测试方法，考试等很多方面都很好，能让我们扩大自己的知识，但都不足以让人发展技能。

Knowledge and skill development are two most important results of any eduaction system and I feel we are knowledgeable but not so skillful as other's for example a European or American. Our system needs a small change in curriculum to improve the skill quotient of the education system.

知识和技能的发展是任何教育系统的两个最重要的结果，我觉得我们有知识，但没有别人的技能，例如欧洲人或美国人。我们的系统需要在课程上做一点小小的改变，以提高教育系统的技能比例。

Anonymous

I find this too boring as there is no place for creativity. Things teacher teach in class comes in exam. Everybody just mug up the terminologies and nobody knows the application. I am not the topper of my class but i have hudge knowledge as compared to other students around me. I am 16 and i successfully trading in stock markets , busy reading coloums and books but when my parents compare me with other who students who want to become investment banker beacuse they read about it some Chetan Bhagat books i feel shattered.

我觉得这太无聊了，因为没有地方可以发挥创造力。老师在课堂上教的东西都是为了考试。每个人都只是死记硬背术语，没有人知道如何应用。我不是班里的尖子生，但和我周围的同学相比，我有丰富的知识。我今年16岁，我成功地在股票市场交易，忙着读专栏和书，但我的父母会把我和其他那些想成为投资银行家的学生相比，因为他们读了一些Chetan Bhagat的书，每当这时我就感到很心烦。

I opted for commerce with maths and i have to study trignometry , vector algebra and calculus. I don't know about its use in my career. I LOVE DOING MOOCs while nobody in my class knows what are these.

我选择了商业与数学，我必须学习三角测量，向量代数和微积分。我不知道它在我的职业生涯中有什么用处。我喜欢做慕课，而我班上没人知道那是什么。

Bharani Kumar, B.E. Production Engineer, Vasavi College of Engineering (2008)

May be, may be not. It will take plenty of analysis to come to a conclusion.

也许是，也许不是。要得出结论需要进行大量的分析。

Kee this analysis aside, since you are not having good experience as a student, and it feels suffocating, I honestly suggest you to look at the things that are creating problems for you. List them out, write possible solutions to those problems, discuss specifically about them with others to get some more solutions and to know their perspectives. It will help you to understand if somewhere you yourself are the problem, unknowingly.

把这个分析放在一边，因为作为一个学生，你没有很好的经验，它让你感到窒息，我真诚地建议你看看那些给你制造麻烦的事情。把它们列出来，写出这些问题的可能解决方案，与他人具体讨论，以获得更多的解决方案，并了解他们的观点。如果你自己在某个地方出了问题，它会帮助你在不知不觉中理解。

Finally execute the best of the solutions from your search.

最后在你的研究中选择最好的解决方案来执行。

If you are the problem, accept it. Chalk out a plan to change that part of you. You must be missing any of KSA: Knowledge, skills or attitude. What knowledge are you lacking? What skills are you missing? What part of your attitude/mindset is creating problems for you? Have an honest introspection and try to identify the gaps, and try to fill them.

如果你是问题所在，接受它。制定一个计划来改变你的这一部分。你肯定错过了：知识、技能或态度中的任何一个。你缺乏什么知识?你缺少什么技能?你的态度/心态的哪一部分给你制造了麻烦?做个诚实的自省，试着找出差距，并试图填补它们。

If the problem is with school/college management or parents (most possible problem creators), you have to talk with them. Explain them what you need, and what you are not getting. Show the gap, make them understand the gap, and the consequences of having that gap, and together with them, come up with a plan to fill it. One caution while having these talks is to be as diplomatic as possible, as both parents and teachers are very emotional (No disrespect to either teachers or parents ) and may feel like you are telling them that they are not good parents or teachers, they either become defensive or aggressive, when you actually are trying to explain your problems. So, be as respectful and as sincerely polite as possible with them to get what you want. I have seen few of friends pick up a fight with teachers and professors only to become subject to their wrath later for whole academic year.

如果问题出在学校/大学的管理人员或家长(最可能的问题创造者)身上，你必须和他们谈谈。向他们解释你需要什么，你没有得到什么。展示差距，让他们了解差距，以及差距产生的后果，和他们一起，想出一个计划来弥补它。有个建议，尽可能有技巧地进行交谈，因为家长和老师非常清晰化的(没有不尊重老师或父母)，可能会觉得你是在说他们不是好父母或好老师，他们可能会在你试图解释你的问题时，为自己袒护或者攻击你的想法。所以，要尽可能地尊重和真诚地礼貌地对待他们，才能得到你想要的。我见过有些朋友与老师和教授发生争执，结果却在整个学年中变成了他们发脾气的对象。

If the problem is with the system, I will say forget about it for now as it is basically out of your area of influence, though it must be under your area of concern (Excuse the usage of Stephen Covey’s terms). Just focus on improving yourself. If the father of our nation were here, he would say, “You must be the change you wish to see in the world”. And the world shall change slowly by seeing you grace of balance between your warm heart and cool brain.

如果问题出在系统上，我会说现在忘掉它吧，因为它基本上不在你的影响范围内，尽管它肯定是在你的关心范围内(请原谅我引用了史蒂芬柯维的话)。专心提升自己。如果我们的国父在这里，他会说:“你希望在这个世界上看到什么改变，就自己来实现。”世界将慢慢地改变，在你温暖的心灵和冷静的头脑之间保持平衡。

Having done all of this, I think the problems suffocating you should at least minimize to certain extent, if not completely vanish.

做了所有这些之后，我认为让你窒息的问题就算没有完全消失，至少也在一定程度上最小化了。

Lastly, I envy the students of present generation, they have access to vast pool of amazing resouces due to the advent of Internet revolution. I wish this thing had happened when I was a child while I was trying to solve some math or physics problems which gave nightmares to me, which slowly gave way to self doubt in me. But alas! it didn't happen then and neither did I have the courage like you to discuss the problems with others like you did by asking this question. I really admire your courage :)

最后，我羡慕这一代的学生，由于互联网革命的到来，他们有机会接触到大量惊人的资源。我希望这件事发生在我还是个孩子的时候，当时我正试图解决一些数学或物理问题，这些问题让我做噩梦，慢慢地让我产生自我怀疑。但是唉!那时候并没有这样的条件，我也没有勇气像你那样通过问这个问题来和别人讨论。我真佩服你的勇气

I would like to end it with a line I read from one of Dale Carneige’s books: Education is the ability to deal with life's situations. I really think education is that ability.

我想以我在戴尔·卡内基的书中读到过的一句话作为结尾：教育是应对生活状况的能力。我真的认为教育就是那种能力。

Hope this helps and wish you all the best.

希望这对你有所帮助，并祝你一切顺利。

Anonymous

It is definitely not RIGHT.

教育系统绝对是有问题的。

I am sorry if I may sound negative, but let's face it.

很抱歉，我可能听起来有些消极，但让我们面对现实吧。

The Indian education system is a bit too marks oriented. All they care about it is marks and the percentage you have been scoring throughout your schooling, without giving literal importance to what you have, are or maybe in future would learn. Indian schooling concept doesn't lay importance into practical knowledge and applications in the real world probably why we have been forced to mug up things over realising the overall concept. The scope of extracurriculars or maybe the community service you are involved into is limited and isn't given importance.

印度的教育体系过于注重分数。他们关心的只是分数和你的分数在学校里的排位，而不重视你所学过的，正在学的或者将来可能学到什么。印度的教育理念并不重视实际知识和在现实世界中的应用，这可能就是为什么我们不得不在理解整体理念的同时，还要努力学习。你参加的课外活动或社区服务的范围有限，并不重要。

To sum it up, the education system in India is downright suffocating. As a person who is suffering through the same thing, I would definitely place the western education system a pedestal higher because of it giving importance to the overall personality of the student including interests, passions, extracurricular activities and achievements and the community service he or she is involved in over mere marks.

总之，印度的教育体系令人窒息。作为一个人谁遭受同样的事情,我肯定会把西方教育系统放在更高的位置，因为它重视学生的整体人格，包括兴趣、激情,课外活动和成就,他或她参与的社区服务，而不是只看成绩。

And relax, try not to stress over it. You will be great. All the best!

放松点，试着不要太过紧张。你会很棒的。好运!

Ramana Rao, worked at Legalize

A system is a working combination of various elements to achieve a desired objective.Coming to education system ,its objective is to impart knowledge, through which reasoning ability and the capability to distinguish wrong from right are inculcated.

系统是各种元素的组合来实现期望的目标。在教育系统中，它的目的是传授知识，通过这些知识，人们可以培养推理能力和辨别是非的能力。

As a student ,you are the nucleus of the  education system. What is suffocating you is not clear from your question. Believe you me, many revolutions in this country are sphere headed by students and achieved desired results. Let me assure you, the system in this country stood the test of time. Though ,it requires a re-look time and again to put forth course corrections in its trajectory. Towards this,the agencies like NCERT, AICTE, UGC, and numerous other NGOs are working and plugging the gaps in the system.

作为一个学生，你是教育系统的核心。让你窒息的问题是什么?相信我，这个国家的许多革命都是学生领导的，取得了预期的成果。我向你们保证，这个国家的制度经受住了时间的考验。不过，它需要一次又一次地重新审视，以便不断的调整前行的方向。为此，全国教育研究培训委员会、全印技术教育委员会、大学赠款委员会和其他许多非正组织正在努力填补这一系统的空白。

Even when the system is perfect and you are in a wrong place you may not be able to reap  the  fruits.

即使系统是完美的，而你在一个错误的地方，你也可能无法收获果实。

The other day, my nephew,an engineering student ,stopped going to college complaining that his eight hours in college are a mere waste as the teachers no nothing of  what they are supposed to teach. When I asked him whether he posed any queries to the teacher and considered their answers before coming to such a conclusion that they are useless, the answer was in negative. What I realised was that he judged his teacher and took no interest in the subject. Therefore there was an absolute communication break down between the teacher and the taught.  In such a scenario no system can work.

有一天，我的侄子，一个学工程学的学生，不去上大学了，抱怨他在大学里的8个小时纯粹是浪费世时间，因为老师们根本不知道他们应该教什么。当我问他，他是否向老师提了任何问题，并考虑了他们的回答后才得出结论说这些老师一无是处，他的回答是否定的。我意识到他在评判他的老师，而且对这门学科不感兴趣。因此，老师和老师之间绝对的交流中断了。在这种情况下，任何系统都不管用。

Be the change you wish to see by working from within rather than falling apart.

应该通过从内部下手来实现你希望看到的改变。

Ashish Shivram Poojary, An Intelligent Human. A Dumb Student.

Well, I’m nor a politician neither am a reputed personality to give out a sudden decision.

嗯，我不是政治家，也不是一个会突然做出决定的想当然的人。

First is - Teachers. Do you think that above given scheme can be successful without the willingness of teachers to go according to the scheme? No. There are many teachers who still want their students to use the same words mentioned in the textbook. This is proving to be very fatal for the students.

首先是——教师。你认为上述的计划是否可以成功，没有教师愿意按照计划去实施?不。有很多老师仍然希望他们的学生使用教科书中提到的相同的词。这对学生来说是致命的。

Second is - Textbook itself! If you will try to go through your textbooks properly, you would see that they are designed in such a way that you would hardly have a choice to write anything according to your knowledge, experience and choice.

第二，教科书本身!如果你试着仔细阅读你的教科书，你会发现它们是这样设计的，你几乎没有机会根据你的知识、经验和选择来写任何东西。

Also, after studying for 2 years in Karnataka, I got to see that their textbook contents are pathetic! Most of the things are out-dated. They have almost no use in the modern system of work. Also, it is comparatively tougher for the students to outshine competitive courses without intensive coaching. Hopefully, that is said to be improving sooner. Karnataka PU Board is set to join its hands with CBSE and thereby the syllabus of Commerce and Humanities would be changed into that of CBSE.

而且，在卡纳塔克邦学习了两年之后，我发现他们的课本内容很可怜!大多数东西都过时了。它们在现代工作体系中几乎毫无用处。此外，在没有密集辅导的情况下，学生要想在竞争激烈的课程中脱颖而出，难度很大。希望这能更快地改善。卡纳塔克邦议会将与教育中央委员会联手，商业和人文课程的教学大纲将被改为教育中央委员会课程。

Let us move to the next topic. Creativity and Knowledge. Both are important in this competitive world. Both of these characteristics are inter-connected with each other. You can't be Creative without proper Knowledge. In the same way, you can't gain Knowledge without sufficient Creativity. The proper balance between these two can only be achieved by proper co-ordination between Teachers and Students.

让我们进入下一个话题。创造力和知识。在这个竞争激烈的世界，两者都很重要。这两个特征是相互联系的。没有适当的知识你就不能有创造力。同样，如果没有足够的创造力，你也无法获得知识。只有教师和学生之间的协调才能达到这两者之间的平衡。

The education system is really improving now. With introduction of new scheme of CBSE(details are here), I've started believing that surely in coming years, the poorest will get the best quality education. Not everybody can afford ICSEs or IBs. Not everybody can afford coaching classes. Not everybody can afford to go abroad. Not everybody have caste certificates.

教育系统现在确实在改善。随着教育中央委员会新方案的推出(详情在这里)，我开始相信在未来几年，最贫穷的人肯定会得到最好的教育。不是每个人都能负担得起icse或IBs。不是每个人都能负担得起辅导课程。不是每个人都能负担得起出国的费用。不是每个人都有种姓证书。

I know the system is worse in some parts of the country but you need to survive and be among the ones who will make our country reach new heights. Remember, struggles bear out the greatest success!

我知道这个国家的某些地方的体制更糟糕，但你需要生存下去，成为那些将使我们的国家达到新的高度的人之一。记住，奋斗是最大的成功!

Balaji Viswanathan, mentors students

There are two Indias when it comes to education. The schools 90% of Indians have access to - mostly the government ones - and the schools that the middle/upper middle class of the population go to - mostly private ones.

说到教育，印度被分成2部分。90%的印度人上的是公立学校，而中产/中上阶层上的学校大多是私立学校。

The first India is plagued with rampant absentee’ism of both teachers and students, lack of even basic facilities like clean toilets and good desks. The second India has schools that have the basic facilities and committed teachers [who are often overworked].

第一个印度充斥着老师和学生的旷课现象，连干净的厕所和好的课桌这样的基本设施都没有。第二个印度的学校拥有基础设施和忠诚的教师(他们经常超负荷工作)。

When students mostly complain and whine [middle class are experts at whining], it is the second India. However, this second India doesn’t lag behind rest of the world in its education. Braving all the visa and financial hurdles, students from there are able to both start a wide range of companies in Silicon Valley, London, Singapore, Bangalore, Pune or work/lead at world class enterprises both in India and abroad.

当大多学生抱怨和牢骚(中产阶级擅长抱怨)时，这就是第二个印度。然而，这第二个印度在教育方面并不落后于世界其他国家。在那里，学生们可以在硅谷、伦敦、新加坡、班加罗尔、浦那等地创办各种各样的公司，或者在印度和海外的世界级企业中担任领导职务。

Not just in tech and entrepreneurship, this India also scores well on arts, music, movie making etc. And this India also leads the world in basic metrics like reading books.

不仅在科技和创业方面，这个印度在艺术、音乐、电影制作等方面的得分也很高。这个印度在阅读等基本指标上也领先世界。

Sure, the second India is not perfect and has to go a long way in metrics like sports and advanced sciences. But, for Olympics and Nobels, the facilities required are far more than what schools can provide. It is up to the government to create those advanced facilities.

当然，第二个印度并不完美，在体育和先进科学等指标上还有很大差距。但是，对于奥运会和诺贝尔奖来说，所需的设施远远超过学校所能提供的。要靠政府来建造那些先进的设施。

This is where the dichotomy is. The Indians who trot around the world often have little hesitation in realizing that the second India’s education system is among the best in the world. Almost every one of my schoolmates are doing great in their careers. No bullying or shooting or drugs or any such. I would not mind my son studying in one of the same schools I studied especially one particular one that I believe is better than the schools I encountered in Boston.

这就是二分法。周游世界的印度人常常毫不犹豫地意识到，第二个印度的教育体系是世界上最好的。几乎我的每一个同学在他们的事业上都做得很好。没有欺凌、枪击、毒品或其他类似的行为。我不介意我的儿子在我学过的同一所学校学习，特别是那所我认为比我在波士顿遇到的学校更好的学校。

But, when it comes to some of the fundamental problems - such as student suicides, illiteracy and students drop out, it is predominantly in the first India. Fixng that doesn’t require any jazzy Fsh style education, but sticking to basics first - getting quality teachers committed & coming on time, getting the pregnant mothers to eat healthy & take the right supplements [Folic Acid, iron etc] for fetus brain growth, having the children avoid malnutrition, getting parents more involved in student’s education, providing basic facilities like toilets and libraries and proper guidance.

但是，当涉及到一些基本问题时——比如学生自杀、文盲和学生辍学——主要集中在第一个印度。修复这些问题不需要任何花哨的芬兰教育风格,但首先坚持基础知识，寻找合格的、有奉献精神的老师，让孕妇吃健康的食物、摄入适当的补充(叶酸、铁等)对有助于胎儿大脑发育的营养品，避免儿童营养不良，父母更多地参与到学生的教育中，提供基本设施如厕所、图书馆和适当的指引导。

I’m not saying India’s education is perfect and like in the rest of the world we have to move to a maker centric education. But, to assume that somewhere in the world has a perfect system that is quite ahead of the second India’s system is quite a fallacy.

我并不是说印度的教育是完美的，就像世界其他地方一样，我们必须转向以制造商为中心的教育。但是，如果要说世界上某个地方有一个完美的体系，远远领先于印度的第二套体系，这是相当错误的。

Shilpa Vijay, IIT JEE 2012 | B.Tech 2012-16 | PhD student 2016 - present

An education system caters to an average population in a broad sense.

教育系统在广义上迎合了一般人的需要。

What are the characteristics of an average Indian school going child?

一个普通的印度学龄儿童的特点是什么?

Are they those who have to walk long distances to school, sit on the floor as one person teaches all the subjects, eat the midday meal and then go back home to help out their family earn more?

他们是那些不得不走很远的路上学，坐在地板上的孩子，一个老师教所有的科目，吃过午餐后回家帮助他们的家人挣更多的钱?

Is it someone who attends the night school after working throughout the day so that they can dream of a better future?

是在一天工作之后还要参加夜校的人，这样就可以梦想着拥有一个更美好的未来吗?

Is it someone who goes to school as a step stone to college and then a financially secure future because their parents have succesful done so before?

是那个把上学当做进入大学的跳板，给自己的未来提供保障的孩子吗，因为他们的父母之前已经成功地这么做了?

Is it someone whose parents force to get good grades AND do well in the extracurricular activities? Who do all they can to ensure that everything has already been planned out for the child?

是那个被父母强迫取得好成绩、并在课外活动中表现良好的孩子吗?他的父母尽其所能确保为孩子计划好了一切。

Is it someone whose attending school just because their parents think “Meh, what else they could be doing any way! They'll anyway have to join the family business after 12th”?

是那个上学仅仅因为他们的父母认为“他们还能做什么!不管怎样，他们必须在12岁之后加入家族企业”的孩子吗？

Is it someone who attended school so that their parents’ connections can get them an admit to a university abroad and into the affluent sectors of the society?

是那个上学后，父母的关系可以让他们被国外大学录取，进入收入丰厚的行业的孩子吗?

I am sure I might've missed many other types here. Given the large population and a dynamic difference in the social structure, there will be childern ( and parents of the children) wanting different things from the schooling system.

我敢说我可能漏掉了很多其他类型。考虑到庞大的人口数量和社会结构的动态差异，孩子(和孩子的父母)希望从学校系统中得到不同的东西。

BUT, infrastructure has not yet developed to cater to everyone’s individual needs. Hence we pick an average student and build a system to cater to their needs.

但是，基础设施还没有发展到满足每个人的个人需求。因此，我们选择一个普通的学生，并建立一个系统来满足他们的需求。

• A person from poor family may want to see eduation as a ladder to climb up financially.
• 一个贫穷家庭出身的人可能想把教育当做在经济方面往上爬的梯子。
• An average middle class child is looking to go the safe way to get a good college admit and be “set in life”
• 普通中产阶级的孩子寻求的是进入好大学的安全道路来“建业”
• An average rich child needs education to maintain their social status.
• 普通富裕阶层的孩子需要教育来维持他们的社会地位。

So what is correct for whom? It's relative! The societal spectrum is too broad to be averaged and fitted for every individual.

那么，对谁来说，什么才是正确的呢?这是相对的!社会的范围太广，无法平均和适合每个人。

As Balaji Vishwanathan mentions, we have done really well. Even if we haven't produced a Steve Jobs in India, haven't most of our lives been better than our parents? Haven't our parents had a life better than our grandparents?

正如Balaji Vishwanathan提到的，我们做得非常好。即使我们没有在印度创造出史蒂夫·乔布斯，难道我们大多数人的生活不比我们的父母好吗?难道我们父母的生活没有比我们的祖父母更好吗?

As an economy, India needs a massive workforce to fill up skilled jobs. Examples include the IT industry, manufacturing industry and the service sector. Most of these are catered by the educated population whon get decently paid. If the current generation is economically more stable, the next one will easily be able to study subjects like art and music without having to worry about where the next meal is coming from.

作为一个经济体，印度需要大量劳动力来填补技术岗位。例子包括IT行业、制造业和服务业。其中大部分都是受过良好教育的人提供的，他们的收入也很可观。如果现在这一代人在经济上更加稳定，那么下一代人就可以轻松地学习艺术和音乐等科目，而不必担心下一顿饭在哪里。

That's why, the education system is better than the most even if it's not perfect. And it has produced many succesful people who are steering the economy to the right direction. Students are generally focused on getting good education for a better future instead of getting dragged into drugs and alcohol.

这就是为什么教育体系即使不完美，也比大多数要好。它造就了许多成功的人，他们正把经济引向正确的方向。学生们通常关注的是为了更好的未来而接受良好的教育，而不是被卷入毒品和酒精中。

I will be more worried about the quality of college education.

我会更担心大学教育的质量。