印度达利特人的生活境况如何？

How is life for Dalits in India?

印度达利特人的生活境况如何？

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来源：三泰虎 http://www.santaihu.com/45940.html 译者：Joyceliu

外文链接：https://www.quora.com/How-is-life-for-Dalits-in-India-1

Tarun Kumar

In tier 1 cities and large cities, the large crowds make it impossible to know who is whom. Most Dalits live next to upper caste people in cities and no one knows anything about caste but in villages segregation is very common.

在一线城市和大城市，人山人海，所以不可能知道谁是谁。大多数达利人住在城市的高种姓附近，没有人知道什么是种姓制度，但在农村，种姓隔离是很常见的。

Saurabh Daga, An entrepreneur by blood, white collar by action, and blue collar by mindset.

Well I am a general category guy, and much of what I am saying would be from outside perspective.

我是普通种姓，我所说的大部分都是从外部角度来看的。

I guess even after almost 70 years of independence, the conditions of Dalits in India has only marginally improved. Though we would find many Dalit students in the various premier government institutes, the overall literacy among Dalits is still very low. Although southern states in particular Tamil Nadu and Kerala have made significant improvement when it comes to conditions of Dalits and other backward castes, the condition of dalits is really worse in North Indian states. In states like Bihar, and U.P. systematic violence against them is a regular occurance.

我想，即使在印度独立近70年之后，达利特在印度的状况也只是略有改善。虽然我们不同的政府学校看到许多达利特学生，但达利特的整体识字率仍然很低。尽管南部邦特别是泰米尔纳德邦和喀拉拉邦在达利特和其他落后种姓的状况方面取得了显著改善，但在印度北部邦，达利特的状况确实更糟。在比哈尔邦等邦，针对他们的系统性暴力事件屡见不鲜。

Utsav Bhattacharjee, Graduation Bachelor of Computer Applications Degrees, Indira Gandhi National Open University (2019)

Dalits are much more safe now in India. There are ample opportunities for them in government schools, colleges & jobs. Their representation in the public domain in the forms of MPs, MLAs & judges have also increased considerably. However, in many rural areas & some urban areas, particularly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu, one can hear many reports of atrocities against the dalits.But overall, their economic & social status have increased steadily in the post-independence era.

达利人现在在印度要安全得多了。他们在政府学校、大学和工作中有很多机会。他们中在公共领域中如下院议员、议会议员和法官的代表人数也大大增加。然而，在许多农村地区和一些城市地区，特别是在北方邦、比哈尔邦、安得拉邦和泰米尔纳德邦，人们可以听到许多关于对达利人的暴行的报道。但总体而言，在独立后的时代，他们的经济和社会地位稳步上升。

Anonymous

I thought of writing this for long but could not muster the courage. Finally decided to go anonymous. The reason I am scared is my view is completely opposite of most of the answers here.

我想写这篇文章很久了，但是没有鼓起勇气。最后我决定匿名。我害怕的原因是我的观点与这里的大多数答案完全相反。

Let me start with some background about me. I am native of a very small village in Bihar belonging to Rajput caste (upper caste villains) and our family depended completely on agriculture till 20 yrs back. My great grandfather started as land labourer since his share of land was so small that he refused to take it. He was finally able to buy sizable land unit gradually with his saving which could feed his full family.

让我从我的一些背景说起。我出生在比哈尔邦一个很小的村庄，属于拉杰普特种姓(上层种姓恶棍)，我们家在20年前完全依赖农业。我的曾祖父一开始是做农活的，因为他的那份田地太小了，所以他拒绝接受。最后他用积蓄逐渐购买了相当大的田地，可以养活全家。

THe land was big so labourers which were Dalit by cast were employed for agriculture and they were given 25% share of the total produce. One day around 20 years in past i.e. mid 90s, my one uncle went to the land and saw red flag everywhere around it. The meaning was clear, that your land has been taken by the land labourer community and dont dare to come back here. This had been happening in some of the other villages near by but it was first case in our village. My uncle panicked and ran away from there and told to everyone in the village. In the evening meeting was called between leaders of our community and the laborer community. They turned up in the meeting with guns in hand. Called out that we have been exploiting them by giving 25% as return for labor so now it is their land and we can do whatever we want. Gave clear threats to all the young of our village that if you again tried to come back to your land then you will have no one in family to give fire to your dead body. We all panicked and stopped going to the large plot. There were few small scattered one or two land plots here and there which my family started to work on themselves to make money but it was too small to feed everyone. Currently one of my uncle works as guard in Delhi, another works as PT teacher in one of the private school (salary Rs 5000) to be able to feed his family. My Dad and Mom had govt jobs from before so we were not that badly affected. Most of my village is ruined now with all the working class shifted to town working as guard, peons or factory workers. Old people are still staying there as their sons are not earning enough to take them to stay. They occasionally send some money as well as these guys try to grow vegetables in the land in front of house to survive. All the large land plot is completely taken over by so called threatened Dalits and they have become millionaires over night.

这片土地很大，所有的达利特人都被雇佣从事农业生产，他们能获得25%的产量。大约20年前的某一天，也就是90年代中期，我的一个叔叔来到这片土地，他看到周围到处都是红旗。意思很清楚，你的土地被土地劳动者社区占用了，不敢再回来了。这在附近的一些村庄发生过，但这是我们村庄的第一例。我叔叔惊慌失措地跑开了，告诉村里的每个人。在晚会上，我们小区的领导和劳动者社区的领导举行了会议。他们拿着枪出现在会议上。他说，我们一直在剥削他们，用25%作为劳动报酬，所以现在这是他们的土地，我们可以做任何我们想做的事情。他们对我们村子里所有的年轻人发出明确的威胁，如果你们再试图回到你们的土地上，那么你们家就没人能火化你们的尸体了。我们都惊慌失措，不再回去那块田地。我们还有一两块分散的小田地，我的家人开始自己耕种赚钱，但那块地太小了，无法养活所有人。目前，我的一个叔叔在德里当保安，另一个在一家私立学校当教师(工资5000卢比)，以养家糊口。我爸爸和妈妈以前都有政府工作，所以我们没有受到太大影响。我的村庄现在大部分都毁了，所有劳动力都搬到城里去当保安、短工或工厂工人。老人仍然住在那里，因为他们的儿子没有挣到足够的钱带他们去。他们偶尔会送一些钱，而这些人则靠着在屋前的土地上种植蔬菜来过活。所有的大片土地都被所谓的受威胁的达利人完全占据，他们一夜之间就成了百万富翁。

My uncle who is PT teacher, his son completed education in govt school with no resources. Worked really hard for IIT JEE and gave exam. He could not make it to IIT. However, one of our land grabber Dalit who were millionaires now and sent their sons to Bokaro in best of private school and good coaching classes made it to IIT. Yes you are right, he scored less than half of my cousin. But he was Dalit.

我的叔叔是一名教师，他的儿子在没有任何资源的情况下完成了政府学校的教育。他为了印度理工学院真的很努力，并进行了考试。他没考进印度理工学院。然而，我们一位现在成了百万富翁土地掠夺者达利特，他把他们的儿子送到了博卡罗最好的私立学校，并上了很好的辅导班，考进了印度理工学院。是的，你想得没错，他的分数还不到我表弟的一半。但他是达利特人。

If any one from outside has any doubt on this story, find out more with your upper caste friends from Bihar who are from village background. There is a reason why all upper caste kids of Bihar who were passing 10th in 90s and 2000s, changed their surname to Anand, Bharti, Ranjan, Raj etc . Their father name is not with this surname but they just wanted to be not identified as upper caste. Any killer from Dalit community is termed under Maoist and then it does not get caste color in reporting while any death that happened by Ranvir Sena was all because upper caste wanted to exploit the Dalits. Today everyone who participated or supported Ranvir Sena are dead. Every single person. None of them has their land and the Dalit war group who were also killed in the begng, is still flourishing. they own complete land and riches but no one can file case against them.

如果外界有人对这个故事有任何疑问，请与来自比哈尔农村地区的高种姓朋友联系。比哈尔邦所有上种姓的孩子在90年代和21世纪初都过了第10位，所以他们都改姓阿南德、巴蒂、兰詹、拉杰等了，这是有原因的。他们的父亲姓不是这个姓，但他们只是不想被认为是上层种姓。任何来自达利特社区的杀手都被贴上了毛派的标签，而且在报道中也没有种姓色彩，而Ranvir Sena的任何死亡事件都是因为上层种姓想要剥削达利特。今天，所有参与或支持Ranvir Sena的人都死了。每一个人。他们没有一个人拥有自己的土地，最初也惨遭杀害的达利特战争组织仍在蓬勃发展。他们拥有完整的土地和财富，但没有人能起诉他们。

One of my father’s cousin call him M , from nearby village who had shifted to Delhi as guard, decided that he can’t work as guard and give such poor upbringing to his son who was 3 yr old that time. He called the leader of Dalit community call him B, who had taken over his land. They both knew each other very well as they worked together on land till 2 yrs back. He begged to let them come back and agreed to share 50% of the produce rather than 25%. B agree and called my uncle M back. Uncle M went with his wife and son. HIs parents were still in village. He got down from train, took a horse cart to reach the village. On the way at once he saw B with his two friends and guns in hand. Uncle M understood what is happening and he begged to B that let him go back with his family and he will never come back. B replied (which i heard from my aunt later) “if i leave you today then tomorrow you will again try and I want to make example this time”. He shot him point blank on his forehead in front of his wife and 3 yr old son. Came to his wife and told take his dead body back and if any day your son tries to enter this village again, you will never see him again. She returned immediately. Later her father and relatives tried to report the case in SP office and SP replied he can’t take any case against Dalit community, he order the Thana Incharge to lodge FIR with perpetrator as unidentified Maoist supporter. They needed the FIR to get the death certificate and other formalities so they signed onto it. No one of the villager dared to enter house again. One of my cousin who tried hard but could not adjust to his new life as security guard job and some time jobless, committed suicide and several others went in depression or died without any medical support.

我父亲的一个表弟，可以叫他M，来自附近的一个村庄，他搬到德里当保安，他决定不能继续做保安工作，给当时三岁的儿子这么可怜的教育。他给达利特社区的领袖打电话，可以叫他B，B霸占了他的土地。他们在一起工作过两年，彼此都非常了解。他恳求B让他们回来，并同意分给B多达50%的收成，而不是25%。B同意了，让我叔叔M回去。叔叔和他的妻子、儿子一起去了。他的父母还在村里。他下了火车，坐上马车来到了村子。在路上，他立刻看见B和他的两个朋友，手里都拿着枪。M叔叔明白发生了什么，他请求B让他和家人一起回去，他再也不会回来了。B回答说(这是我后来从姑妈那里听到的):“如果我今天放过你，那么明天你会再试一次，这次我要做个立个规矩。”当着他妻子和3岁的儿子的面，他被子弹击中前额。B走到他的妻子跟前，告诉她把他的尸体带回去，如果有一天你儿子试图再次进入这个村庄，你再也见不到他了。她立即返回了。后来，她的父亲和亲戚试图到警长办公室报告这件事，警长回答说，他不能对达利特社区提起任何诉讼，他命令分管的警察局将行凶者作为身份不明的毛派支持者登记在案。他们需要案件登记来办理死亡证明和其他手续，所以他们签了名。没有一个村民敢再进房子。我的一个表弟努力工作，但无法适应他作为保安的新生活，有一段时间他失业了，自杀了，其他几个人陷入了抑郁，或者没有任何医疗保障而去世了。

Now coming back to the question, yes I agree Dalits were tortured and exploited by upper caste but if the answer of that is to torture upper cast equally then I don’t agree. I agree that their are lot of villages where Dalits are still considered outcast and are exploited but there are atleast equal number of villages where upper cast people do not dare to speak. Its just that Dalit story is good for news channel and upper cast’s story will never be given the color of cast in reporting.

现在回到问题上来，是的，我同意达利人受到上层种姓的折磨和剥削，但是如果这个问题的答案是同样地折磨上层种姓那么我不同意。我同意他们的许多村庄仍被认为是贱民被剥削的地方，但至少有同等数量的村庄里，上层种姓的人不敢说话。只是达利特的故事对新闻频道有好处，而上层种姓的故事永远不值得被赋予报道。

In my view the solution is to stop any thing based on cast. Reservation, policy, news reporting should only be based on economic class. If there is poor who when grew up had no resource, he should be given reservation or education support with free books etc. It should not matter if he is from Dalit cast or Upper cast. All the story should be fight of rich vs poor and lets stop this whole discussion of cast. Yes it sounds selfish that after exploiting Dalits for hundreds of years, I am recommending to forget all that. But, thats truth. I do not see any reason for me to be tortured by someone who is great grandson of a person who was tortured by my great grand father. Atleast to my knowledge, this is not how Indian legal system works. Person is punished for his/her own mistakes not for his ancestors

在我看来，解决方案是不再所有事情都不再基于种姓。预留制、政策、新闻报道应该只基于经济状况。如果一个穷人，无论他来自达利特或上层种姓，在成长过程中没有任何资源，他应该被给予预留名额或免费书籍等教育支持。所有的故事都应该是富人对穷人的斗争，让我们停止对种姓的所有讨论。是的，在剥削达利特几百年之后，我建议忘记这一切，这听起来很自私。但是,这是事实。我看不出有什么理由让我被一个曾被我曾祖父折磨过的人的曾孙折磨。至少据我所知，这不是印度法律体系的运作方式。人应该因为自己的错误而受到惩罚，而不是因为他的祖先。

Anonymous

Yes. Dalits are unsafe in India.

是的。达利特在印度是不安全的。

I belong to the OBC category and I am from Tamil Nadu. Every time, I see the news regarding the mistreatment of Dalits, I get extremely furious. I will narrate some incidents that happened in TN, that would bring to light the atrocities of the so-called "OBC"(Other Backward classes) category people against Dalits in TN. I am not telling that every body from the community discriminates on the basis of caste but it is a trend that is deep-rooted in the society and is very difficult to eradicate.

我属于其他落后阶层，我来自泰米尔纳德邦。每次，我看到有关虐待达利特的新闻，我都非常愤怒。我并不是说社区的每一个人根据种姓基础歧视，但这一趋势是根深蒂固的社会中,很难根除。

Did you fall in love with a guy/girl from a higher caste? Get ready to die.

你是否爱上了一个高种姓的男人/女孩?那你准备付出生命代价吧。

In TN, you frequently hear of news wherein a guy from a lower cast would have fallen in love with a girl or married a girl from a higher caste and after some days that guy would have left a suicide note or would have been killed. This predominantly happens in the southern part of TN wherein these "higher caste" guys form a huge vote bank. So, the police/government does not take a strong stand against these guys thinking that they would lose votes. The political parties don't even issue a condemnation against these groups for the attacks. Ironically, these so called "higher castes" are classified as OBC.

在泰米尔纳德邦，你经常会听到这样的消息：一个低种姓的男人爱上了一个女孩，或者娶了一个高种姓的女孩，几天后这个男人可能会留下遗书或者被杀。这主要发生在泰米尔纳德邦的南部，“高种姓”男人组成了巨大的政治票仓。因此，警察和政府不会对那些人采取强硬立场，害怕他们会失去选票。各政党甚至不会就袭击事件对这些组织发出谴责。讽刺的是，这些所谓的“高种姓”被归类为其他落后阶层。

Two names that are common to those who follow TN news is Gokulraj and Ilavarasan. These guys were killed for having relationships/marrying girls from higher communities. These are some of the reported incidents. Many of them go unreported.

关注泰米尔纳德邦新闻的人都知道的两个名字是Gokulraj和Ilavarasan。这些家伙因为和更高社区的女孩结婚而被杀。这些是报道出来的一些事件。他们中的许多人还没有被报道。

I still do not know why the North Indian Media does not focus on these incidents with the same interest of Dadri/Rohit cases. Caste discrimination does not exst in the metros but it still is present in rural areas and Tier-II cities. You can easily see "educated" people from the higher caste communities supporting these incidents/killings. India has a long way to go ahead when it comes to equality. Till then, in my view reservation based on caste has to go on but it must be restricted to lower income people. If the situation is so bad in the "developed state of TN", I cannot imagine how worse it would be in the not so developed states.

我仍然不知道为什么印度北部媒体没有以与Dadri/Rohit案件同样的兴趣关注这些事件。种姓歧视在大城市并不存在，但在农村和二线城市仍然存在。你可以很容易地看到来自高种姓社区的“受过教育”的人支持这些事件/杀戮。印度在平等方面还有很长的路要走。在那之前，我认为基于种姓的预留制必须继续下去，但必须限制在低收入人群。如果“泰米尔纳德邦发达邦”的情况都如此糟糕，我无法想象在不那么发达的地区会有多么糟糕。

Gopal Sinha, former Civil Engineer

On the contrary, they are one of the most sought after, protected, privileged, progressing, promising, prospering, participating, conscious, combined, committed lot and in a much better position to contribute, compel, demand, influence, negotiate and bargain.

相反，他们是最受追捧的、受保护的、享有特权的、进步的、有前途的、繁荣的的群体之一，在贡献、强迫、要求、影响、谈判和讨价还价方面处于更有利的地位。

Harish Yadav, mechanical Engineer

Yes They are safe in India ,only some culprit people with conservative thought so they try to harm every people not Dalits only

是的，他们在印度是安全的，只有一些思想保守的罪犯，所以他们试图伤害每一个人，而不仅仅是达利特

Digvijay Kumar Singh, Management Trainee at Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (2017-present)

If you are poor and you are of any cast then also you can live your life in the society of your economic class and you are safe. this is b'coz you are united with equality.

如果你是穷人，不管你属于任何阶层，那么你也可以生活在你的经济阶层的社会中，你是安全的。这是因为你们是平等的。

In fact if we try to see basically safety is depending on your economic class and unity in the fact if you have a fight with a rich person and you are poor then they can use other people of system to torture you.

事实上如果我们希望看到，安全基本上是取决于你的经济阶层，事实上如果你与富人发生争执，你很穷，他们可以利用其他人来折磨你。

Our so called secular and other politicians usually try to show you a environment that your safety depends on your cast and the reservation is must to insure your safety.

我们所谓的世俗和其他政客通常试图向你展示一个社会环境，即你的安全取决于你的种姓，预留制是必须的，才能确保你的安全。

But everyone in this country is safe until the system is working good and no one interfering with others work, your work now define yourself as if you are sweeper then it doesn't depend on your cast(weather brahmin or harijan) and everyone will call you sweeper and if you do your work then no one will make fear upon you.

但是每个人都在这个国家是安全的，没有人干扰别人的工作，你的工作定义了自己，如果你是清洁工,那么它不取决于你的种姓，每个人都叫你清洁工，如果你好好做你的工作，没有人会为难你。

First we should not be divided among cast b'coz for that reson only politicians use you as a vote bank.

首先，我们不应该因种姓而分裂，因为只有政客才会把你们当作投票箱。

Every one is safe under protection of law until we interfere with others right.

在法律的保护下，每个人都是安全的，除非我们干涉别人的权利。

Aman Chuniyana, lives in India

I'm doing well, without much worries. But that doesn't mean other dalits are fine too. We City guys don't have to face discrimination but rural Dalits have.

我很好，没有太多的烦恼。但这并不意味着其他达利人也可以。我们这些城里人不必面对歧视，但农村的达利人却要面对。

Christian missionaries claim to help us but they don't do much.

基督教传教士声称帮助我们，但他们并没有做太多。

Anonymous

I can not talk about whole INDIA , but in my area they are safe from the upper caste.(Supposing u r asking in that reference). Some of dalits are living a good rich life. But on the other hand the poor dalits(PD) of village are suffering mainly not from the upper caste but from those rich dalits(RD), Becoz RD dont want the development of PD. IF that happens they may loose their power, So they create a environment to feel PD that they r not safe.

我无法谈论整个印度的事，但在我的地区，他们是安全的，不受上层种姓的影响。一些达利特人过着富裕的生活。但另一方面，农村贫困的达利特主要不是受上层种姓欺负，而是来自那些富有的达利特，因为他们不希望看到贫困达利特的发展。如果发生这种情况，他们可能会失去权力，因此他们创造了一个让人感觉不安全的环境。

I think the real question should be “unsafe from whom”.

我认为真正的问题应该是“谁造成了不安全”。