为什么印度是世界上最大的贫困国家

Kathan Shah, Reading to understand things...

The difference between the poor and rich is not the age of the Nation.

This can be demonstrated by countries like India and Egypt, which are more than 2000 years old and are still poor countries.

On the other hand, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, which 150 years back were insignificant, today are developed and rich countries.

The difference between the poor and rich nation does not also depend on the available natural resources.

Japan has limited territory, 80% mountainous, unsuitable for agriculture or farming, but is the third in worlds economy. The country is like an immense floating factory, importing raw material from the whole world and exporting manufactured products.

穷人和富人的区别不在于国家的历史。

这一点可以从印度和埃及等拥有2000多年历史的穷国身上得到证明。

另一方面，150年前无足轻重的加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰如今都已成为发达和富裕的国家。

穷国和富国之间的差异也不取决于可用的自然资源。

日本国土面积有限，80%是山区，并不适合开展农业或农业生产，但却是世界第三大经济体。这个国家就像一个巨大的浮动工厂，从世界各地进口原材料，出口制成品。

Second example is Switzerland, it does not grow cocoa but produces the best chocolates in the world. In her small territory she rears animals and cultivates the land only for four month in a year, nevertheless manufactures the best milk products. A small country which is an image of security which has made it the strongest world bank.

Executives from rich countries who interact with their counterparts from poor countries show no significant intellectual differences.

The racial or colour factors also do not evince importance: migrants heavy in laziness in their country of origin are forcefully productive in rich European countries.

第二个例子是瑞士，它并不种植可可，但却能生产出世界上最好的巧克力。在瑞士的小小领土中，他们饲养动物，土地一年只耕种四个月，然而她却出产了最优质的奶制品。这是一个小国，是安全的象征，使其成为最强大的世界银行。

来自富裕国家的高管与来自贫穷国家的高管互动时，智力上没有明显差异。

种族或肤色因素也并不重要:移民在其原籍国极度懒惰，在富裕的欧洲国家却很勤快。

Then what is the difference?

The difference is the attitude of the people, moulded for many years by education and culture.

When we analyse the conduct of the people from the rich and developed countries, it is observed that a majority abide by the following principles of life:

那区别到底在哪儿呢?

不同的是人们的态度，是由多年的教育和文化所塑造的。

当我们分析富国和发达国家人民的行为时，可以看到大多数人遵守下列生活原则:

Ethics, as basic principles.
Integrity.
Responsibility.
The respect for Laws and Regulations.
The respect from majority of citizens by right.
The love for work.
The effort to save and invest.
The will to be productive.
Punctuality.

1。道德，重中之重。

2。诚信。

3。责任感。

4。尊重法律法规。

5。大多数公民的尊重。

6。对工作的热爱。

7。努力储蓄和投资。

8。生产的意志。

9。守时。

In the poor countries a small minority follow these basic principles in their daily life.

We are not poor because we lack natural resources or because nature was cruel towards us.

We are poor because we lack attitude. We lack the will to follow and teach these principles of working of rich and developed societies.

在贫穷国家，少数人在日常生活中遵循这些基本原则。

我们之所以贫穷，不是因为我们缺乏自然资源，也不是因为大自然对我们无情。

我们贫穷是因为我们缺乏正确的态度。我们缺乏遵循和传授富裕和发达国家可行原则的意愿。

Vivek Vermani, studied Computer Science

There is no fair competition and the system doesn’t help the productive people. Having said that I am not just blaming Reservation but also the corrupt practices and patterns that give under deserved the ladder to surpass the deserved.

Corrupt Academic System - Last year Bihar state govt became strict and hence only 44% could pass the 10th board examination. In spite of that strictness , we have a 12th board topper who hardly knows her subject names. This gives a rough figure of more than 60% people who have earlier cleared the exam by either cheating ( in a big way ) or paid bribe. Other states might be little better but it’s somewhat way of life everywhere.

Impact of this - Leave aside these people posing competition to others in later exams, Many of such belonging to reserved categories are already qualified for many govt jobs. Just think of the likes of Ruby Roy taking care of your money in the govt bank.

没有公平的竞争，而且这个制度对勤劳的人没有助益。我已经说过，我不仅谴责预留制，而且还谴责腐败的做法和模式，让不该享受益处的人超越理应享受益处的人。

腐败的学术体系——去年比哈尔邦政府采取严格措施，因此只有44%的人能通过第十届委员会考试。尽管如此严格，我们还是有12年级的高分者几乎不知道自己的专业名。这个粗略的数据显示，有超过60%的人之前是通过作弊(很大程度上)或行贿通过考试的。其他邦可能也好不到哪儿去，这在某种程度上可能已经是见怪不怪了。

影响-撇开这些人在以后的考试中与他人竞争不谈，许多属于预留类别的人已经有资格胜任许多政府工作。想像一下鲁比·罗伊这样的人在政府银行里打理你的钱。

Pattern of Entrance Exam - So in single day with 2 - 3 hours exam we get to understand that who can be an Engineer or who cannot be. Let me tell you an idea on how to succeed in such entrance exam without being capable of it. Spend some money and clear your board exams and just focus on those entrance exams for few years. If I was asked to just prepare for IIT exams for 3 years and leaving aside my regular curriculum, I could have been an IITian too.

Reservation - I will not give any info as its already much talked about subject.

入学考试——在一天中通过2 - 3个小时的考试，我们就能知道谁能成为工程师，谁不能。让我告诉你如何在没有能力的情况下成功参加高考的办法。花点儿钱，通过入学考试，几年内只想考试的事。如果我要为IIT考试备考3年，而不用考虑我的常规课程，我也可以成为一名印度理工的学生。

预留-我不想再谈，因为已经有太多人谈论过了。

Corruption in Companies - If you think that you can get into a Govt job only by paying bribe , think twice. There are numerous private companies around you where you can pay some money to recruiter / HR and get through. In addition to this. some HR will only get people through a particular recruiting agency and hence your capability will sound better if your resume is sent by the chosen ones.

So these are the causes and now Lets see how this impacts the productivity of the system.

System has already ignored 7 out of 10 hard working and capable people who were way better than the ones whom we have selected.

公司里的腐败——如果你认为你只有通过行贿才能进入政府工作，请三思。在你身边会有很多私人公司，你可以向招聘人员或HR支付一些钱，然后通过征选。除此之外。一些人力资源部门只会通过特定的招聘机构招聘员工，因此如果你的简历是由他们推荐的，那么听起来你的能力会更好。

这些是原因，现在我们来看看这会如何影响系统的生产力。

系统已经忽略了70%的努力工作和有能力的人，他们比我们选出的那些人要优秀得多。

Suranjana Dutta, High Schooler, Trying to Score Marks

India is a rich country lived by largely poor people. What makes the condition of India look poor is poverty and this is because -

印度是一个贫困人口占大多数的富裕国家。让印度看似贫穷的原因是贫困，这是因为

1.Social Inequality - Though since 1947, considerable changes has took place in people's attitude but even today rural India, which is 70% of India, are still very 'caste conscious' compared to the urban society where education and financial well beings has certainly erased caste system. Society cannot progress if certain sections of people are left out simply because they belong from wrong class, caste, ethnic, race, color or creed. These segment of society like tribal community are very much detached from education and the “free” governments after 1947 never bothered to assimilate them into rest of the mainstream society and the tribal communities continued to remain isolated and “barely governed.” These segments of people have been subsisted to do only those tasks considered “unfit” for the other castes. Their un-touchability can be considered the worst form of rejection by the mainstream society.

2.Illiteracy - High level of illiteracy, particularly in the rural areas and among women, has been a crucial factor not only in economic backwardness but also for high population growth.

1。社会不平等——尽管自1947年以来，人们的态度发生了相当大的变化，但即便是今天，占印度70%的农村地区，与教育和财政状况良好的城市社会相比，仍有很强的“种姓意识”。如果因为某些人属于错误的阶级、种姓、人种、肤色或信仰，就要被排除在外，社会就无法进步。像部落社区这样的社会群体与教育完全脱节，1947年后的“自由”政府从未费心将他们同化到主流社会，部落社区继续保持孤立，“几乎没有管理”。这些人只能从事那些“不适合”其他种姓的工作。他们的贱民身份可以被认为是被主流社会拒绝的最糟糕形式。

2。文盲率- -特别是在农村地区和妇女中的高文盲率不仅是经济落后的一个关键因素，而且也是人口高增长的一个关键因素。

3.Population- While the growth rate of population has decreased significantly over the decades since 2011, India's population is currently growing annually at the rate of about 1.4 percent. Early marriage of girls and lack of awareness about reproductive healthcare, particularly in the rural areas, are major factors behind current population growth. Population is clearly a factor contributing to, and sustaining, high levels of poverty.

4.Gender inequality- Indian social fabric has left women significantly exploited and discriminated. Indian Muslim community is probably most backward in terms of gender inequality. Women are confined inside the veils and oppressed by polygamy and 'triple' Talaq. Indian women's weak status, particularly in the rural areas, is at the root of most chronic problems. It is their lack of awareness or access to family planning tools and early marriage of girls and their early child bearing, which ultimately have led to high population; lack of awareness of health issues related to pregnancy and child upbringing has resulted in high mortality rate, under-nutrition and malnutrition among children; lower education and lack of freedom has resulted in low participation in societal processes. All these factors are enough to feed and sustain poverty

3.人口——尽管自2011年以来的几十年里，印度人口增长率显著下降，但印度人口目前每年仍以1.4%的速度增长。女童早婚和特别是农村地区对生育保健缺乏认识是目前人口增长的主要原因。人口显然是造成和维持高度贫穷的一个因素。

4。性别不平等——印度的社会结构让女性受到了严重的剥削和歧视。在性别不平等方面，印度msl社区可能是最落后的。印度妇女的弱势地位，特别是在农村地区，是大多数长期问题的根源。由于她们没有认识到或没有机会获得计划生育工具，女童和早育早婚最终导致了人口过多；对与怀孕和儿童抚养有关的健康问题缺乏认识导致儿童死亡率高、营养不足和营养失调；教育水平低下和缺乏自由导致了社会进程的参与度低。所有这些因素足以造成和维持贫穷的状态。

5.Unequal distribution of wealth - Since departure of the colonial British in 1947 all economic development has taken place in the cities, while the majority of the population lives in the countryside. Thus, the rural India has always remained neglected.

6.Faulty economic reforms - The so called economic liberalization and market reforms serves to make the rich richer and expand the economy.

7.Corruption - Corruption and leakages in government schemes are widespread in India. Another common form of corruption in schemes designed for the poor is inclusion of non-poor people with political connections in the list of beneficiaries. The end result is that the eligible poor are denied the benefits.

8.Early Invasion - It was the traditional historic prosperity of India that attracted invaders from various parts of the world in the last 2000 years. Kushanas, Turko-Afghans and Mughals and British who invaded India couldnt systematically drain India’s wealth or resources to make another country prosperous. The colonial British rule laid the foundation for a long term and chronic poverty in India after they departed.

5。财富分配不均——自1947年英国殖民者离开英国以来，所有的经济发展都发生在城市，而大多数人口生活在农村。因此，印度农村一直被忽视。

6。错误的经济改革——所谓的经济自由化和市场改革是为了让富人变得更富，扩大经济。

7。腐败——政府计划中的腐败和漏洞在印度非常普遍。在为穷人设计的方案中，另一种常见的腐败形式是将具有政治关系的非穷人纳入受益人名单。最终结果是符合条件的穷人得不到福利。

8。历史山的外敌入侵——在过去的2000年里，印度曾经的繁荣吸引了来自世界各地的侵略者。入侵印度的库沙那斯、突厥人、莫卧儿人以及英国人无法系统性地耗尽印度的财富或资源，让另一个国家繁荣起来。英国的殖民统治为印度的长期贫困奠定了基础。

In conclusion, as oppose to the Western capitalism India needs a comprehensive “development” plan in order to really crush widespread poverty.

总之，与西方zb主义不同，印度需要一个全面的“发展”计划，才能真正消除普遍贫困。

Tanseef laherwal, lives in Ganderbal Kashmir