Which country has the hardest mathematics in their education curriculum?
哪个国家学校教授的数学课程难度最大?
Quora读者的评论：
Abhijeet Singh Jha, Student, the future of India
My country India.
Not like France but we are never allowed to use calculator whatsoever in any examination.
Ever heard of JEE, One of the world's toughest entrance examinations, just search for its 2015 maths paper 1 and 2 and you will be surprised that they don't allow calculator for exam such tough.
I love maths.
From 1st grade to class 12 (class 12 and 11 in 90% of the schools), we never are allowed to use calculators in any exam.
绝对是我的祖国印度。
跟法国不一样，我们在任何考试中都不允许使用计算器。
听说过联合入学考试吗，这是世界上最难的入学考试之一，你去搜一下2015年的数学试卷1和2，你就会惊讶地发现，这么难考的考试是不允许使用计算器的。
我喜欢数学。
从一年级到12年级(我在11、12年级都保持90%的水平)，我们在任何考试中都不许使用计算器。
Sabuj Chattopadhyay, Autodidact | Top Writer '15/'18
I don’t know if this is the “hardest” (I suspect not), but this is the kind of typical maths (arithmetic) question paper I used to solve in third grade. Algebra would come from next class, but I can’t find good representative samples. The question paper is from an Indian school.
译文来源：三泰虎 http://www.santaihu.com/47101.html 译者：Joyceliu
我不知道这算不算“最难的”(我猜不是)，这是我在三年级时常做的典型数学(算术)题。代数更难，我找不到很有代表性的样本。这张试卷来自印度的一所学校。
Karthik Viswanathan, Studying at Asian International Private School
India.
Our country may seem to have the easiest text-book mathematics, but again that's never enough for us.
Just like the GAOKAO, students need to attempt the JEE -Advanced examination which is one of the hardest examinations to crack on earth.
It may not be including figures containing complex 3-D images, but believe me; to do one JEE advanced Mathematics problem, is like moving a mountain.
Students of Grade 12 break their minds to crack this six-hour examination!
Sample questions from JEE Advanced.
印度。
我们的国家似乎有最简单的课本数学，但这对我们来说永远都不够。
就像高考一样，学生需要参加高等级联合入学考试，这是世界上最难考的考试之一。
它可能并不涉及复杂3d图形，但请相信我，要完成一道联合入学考试高级数学题，就像移山一样的难。
12年级的学生为了这个6个小时的考试而绞尽脑汁!
高等级联合入学考试的问题范例如下。
Anonymous
I don’t know about the hardest, but I can tell with certainty that mathematics taught in Russian primary-secondary schools is like gazillion times harder than such in USA, UK and Australia. When I saw SAT exam tasks for the first time, it almost made me laugh.
I also got Master of Biology degree in Australia, and it was noticeable how shallow the knowledge of mathematics were in other students, and how afraid of maths everyone is.
So if you want to study some intense mathematics, go to Russian secondary school. Maybe there are countries where it’s even harder (Japan, maybe?), but Russia won’t leave you disappointed.
P.S. As of Higher Education, I don’t know. I suppose that at Bachelor of Maths programs, USA students catch up - how else would they be good at tech stuff there.
P.S.S. There is a serious downside of such programs in Russia: it’s not so uncommon for some pupils to finish school not understanding how to solve some of the problems done at class. The level of maths knowledge in secondary school finishers can vary from maths genius to near-zero.
我不知道哪个最难，但我可以肯定地说，俄罗斯中小学教授的数学比在美国、英国和澳大利亚要难得多。当我第一次看到SAT考试试卷时，我差点笑出来。
我也在澳大利亚拿到了生物硕士学位，很显然，其他学生的数学知识有多么浅薄，每个人都那么害怕数学。
所以如果你想学习一些高难度的数学知识，就去俄罗斯中学学习吧。也许有些国家的情况更糟(日本，也许?)，但俄罗斯不会让你失望。
至于高等教育，我不清楚。我想，在数学学士学位课程上，美国学生会迎头赶上——要不然他们怎么会在科技领域如此出色呢?
附注:在俄罗斯，这些课程有一个严重的缺点：有些学生在毕业后不知道该如何解决课堂上学习过的一些问题，这种情况并不少见。中学毕业生的数学知识水平可能差异极大，从数学天才到几乎一无所知都有可能。
Ethar Alali, Postgraduate Mathematics, The Open University
China and Korea, hands down. The main European countries of France, Germany and the UK are nowhere as far as difficulty.
中国和韩国，毫无疑问。法国、德国和英国等欧洲主要国家在难度上相差了十万八千里。
You may see answers which attempt to create a link between International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO) or even Field Medals won for academic research. This isn’t an accurate nor fair comparison, mainly because in the vast majority of countries, IMO content is not part of the curriculum and also Field Medals are awarded for contributions to Mathematics, more often than not, post-doc. So there isn’t a curriculum at those levels.
The relationship of those to curricula is loose. IMO for example, sets a worldwide standard and this standard is so far beyond the UK standard that even degree level students of mathematics, and some graduates even, have no idea what the IMO questions mean, that these 13 to 18 year olds are competing in.
In addition, as people age and get to university, they difference starts to narrow
你可能会看到有些答案试图把国际奥林匹克数学竞赛甚至学术研究领域的菲尔兹奖奖牌扯进来。这么比较并不准确、公平，主要原因是在绝大多数国家，国际奥林匹克数学竞赛的内容并不是课程的一部分，而且菲尔兹奖更多的是颁发给对数学有贡献的博士后。所以那些级别没有对应的课程。
这些课程体系之间的关系是松散的。例如，国际奥林匹克数学竞赛有全球统一的标准，这个标准远远超过了英国的标准，甚至连数学专业的本科学生，抑或某些研究生，都搞不懂国际奥林匹克数学竞赛的题目，而国际奥林匹克数学竞赛的参赛者都是13到18岁的学生。
此外，随着人们年龄的增长，进入大学求学，他们的差距开始缩小。
Anonymous
I would say India for 3 reasons
1.Schools curriculum and standardized tests standard (there are many standards) is tougher than most countries. (But state school system is dismal so average capability is poor)
2.Social acceptance (coolest kid in the school is the one with best Math skills). Relatives would enquire about how the kid is doing in Math. (All this inspite of Math never being a serious career option). It is normal for kids at school to prioritize Math over other subjects.
3.Religious heritage - Hindu religion allows and encourages abstract thought … its not a coincidence zero, calculus, calculation of PI can all be attributed to Indian people steeped in Hindu philosophy.
Its not unusual to find medical doctors in India who brag about their math skills at school level.
FYI college level math is not so great though as Math has never been a serious career option. No one ever got a job in India due Math skill need, they got jobs as they felt ppl with math skills are maybe “good”.
One of the reasons Indians are good at coding is they see it as an extension of the same principle of problem solving they pick up in school Math.
我认为是印度，原因有三个：
1.学校的课程和标准化考试标准(标准有很多)比大多数国家都要严格。(但公立学校系统很糟糕，平均水平很低)
2.社会认可(学校里最酷的孩子都是数学成绩最好的)。亲戚们会打听孩子的数学成绩。(尽管数学从来都不是一个严肃的职业选择)。在学校里，孩子们把数学放在其他科目之上的位置是很正常的。
3.宗教文化遗产-印度教允许并鼓励抽象思维…这不是巧合，零，微积分，圆周率的计算都可以归因于印度人耳濡目染的印度教哲学。
在印度，经常有医生吹嘘自己上学时的数学水平。
仅供参考，大学阶段的数学教学并不是很好，因为数学从来都不是一个严肃的职业选择。
印度人擅长编程的原因之一是，他们将其视为学校数学中所学的解决问题的原则的延伸。
Alvin Tanasta, BS Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
I am not a Singaporean myself but after seeing the level of math that my Singaporean friends do at high school level, I would vouch for Singapore. You can look at their curriculum. Look up Singaporean A-level or NTU entrance exams. They encompass a wide range of topics like poisson distribution, etc. These would be the things that US high school students don't learn.
In addition, here in the US, most of high school students who plan to do engineering have not taken calculus yet. They are not required.
I also think that some other Asian countries such as China and South Korea are not too far behind from Singapore. The difference is probably really small.
我自己并不是新加坡人，但当我看到新加坡朋友高中时的数学水平后，我会提名新加坡。你可以看看他们的课程。查一查新加坡的A-level或南大的入学考试。考试涉及面极广，如鱼类的分布等。这些都是我们的高中生没有涉猎的范围。
此外，在美国，大多数打算学习工程学的高中生都没有学过微积分。没人要求他们学。
同时，我也认为中国、韩国等亚洲国家与新加坡的差距并不大。差别可能非常小。
Temir Askhat, Software Engineer at DAR
It seems to me that everyone here is trying to convince that their math curriculum is the hardest and posting their math problems. Well, all of these pictures are quite familiar and well-known problems, I’d say even redundant. I don’t know which country has the hardest curriculum, because it needs a lot of parameters to check on a global scale. Probably, even results in international competitions like IMO aren’t sufficient, because some countries are focused on preparation for those olympiads, some not. In what I am sure is that mathematics which taught in all former Sovet Union countries (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan etc.) in primary - secondary school is much harder than in the USA, UK, most Europe countries. I know a lot of students in Kazakhstan who have taken the SAT Subject Test Level 2, mostly with no preparation and got 750+ out of 800 easily.
在我看来，这里的每个人都在试图说服自己，他们的数学课是最难的，还把他们的数学题贴上来。这些图都是很常见的问题。我不知道哪个国家的课程最难，因为需要在全球范围内查验很多参数。也许，甚至像国际数学奥林匹克这样的国际比赛的结果都是不够全面的，因为有些国家专心备战奥运会，有些国家则不然。我所确信的是，在所有前苏联国家(俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、乌克兰、哈萨克斯坦等)的中小学里教授的数学要比在美国、英国和大多数欧洲国家难得多。我认识很多哈萨克斯坦的学生，他们中的大多数在没有准备的情况下参加了SAT科目的二级考试，都能在800分中轻松考出750分以上的高分。
Renyi Tang, Math, Statistics, History, Sociology lover.
For high school math education curriculum, China definitely has the most difficult curriculum. If you look at the math questions on the College Entrance Examination (Gaokao), and the olympiad math contests, you will see the difficult level of these questions. Chinese math athletes perform extremely well in International Mathematics Olympiad every year.
However, in terms of college math education, China's is not the best. Chinese college education math education does not do very well on math research, compared to USA and France. This is partially why China's performance in math academics is not proportional to the the performance in math olympiad.
若说高中数学课程，中国无疑是最难的。如果你看看高考和奥林匹克数学竞赛中的数学题，你会发现这些题的难度究竟有多高。中国的数学选手在每年的国际数学奥林匹克竞赛中表现优异。
然而，就大学数学教育而言，中国并不是最好的。与美国和法国相比，中国的大学教育在数学研究方面做得不是很好。这就是为什么中国在数学学术上的成绩与数学奥林匹克竞赛的成绩不成比例的部分原因。
Rad Kan, In US for 14+ years
Firstly, I know most Indians will be offended if I say this, but it’s true that it’s a misconception that “all” Indians are good at coding. I believe many are good but there are some whom I have seen personally who are not great coders at all, just mediocre. But why are they there? money, easy path to US, for many of us, we do what our parents tell us. If computer science is a hot field, go for it, there are many more job opportunities and people respect you.
At the same time I have seen some self-taught American coders who are super good at coding. Again, I’m not saying Indians are not good coders, I’m only against generalizing as such. The percentage of good programmers given a sample population in India, would be same as that for US population. I’m sure that’s true for China too. I have seen great Chinese programmers too but for some language was a barrier even though they were really smart.
And there are many of those who don’t have money to get proper education but if they were taught programming, then I believe majority kids of today would be good at it or even Maths for that matter. We all have the ability to understand and learn. Sometimes your teachers matter a lot and self-learning too.
首先，我知道我这么说的话，大多数印度人都会生气，但这确实是一种误解，即“所有”印度人都擅长编码。我相信很多人都是优秀的，但我也亲眼见过一些人，他们根本不是什么厉害的程序员，只是寻常人等。但它们为什么会在那里呢?钱，对我们来说很容易，对我们很多人来说，我们做父母告诉我们的。如果计算机科学是一个热门领域，那就去学吧，有更多的工作机会，人们会尊重你。
与此同时，我看到一些自学成才的美国程序员非常擅长编程。我并不是说印度人不是好程序员，我只是反对以偏概全的说法。在印度，优秀程序员所占的比例与美国相同。我相信中国也是如此。我也见过优秀的中国程序员，但对某些语言来说，这是一个障碍，尽管他们真的很聪明。
还有很多人没有钱接受正规教育，但如果他们学过编程，我相信今天的大多数孩子都会擅长编程，甚至数学。我们都有理解和学习的能力。有时你的老师很重要，但自学也同样重要。
Sanya Srivastava
Math is hard across Asia in general.
It's no coincidence that Indians and the Chinese form a large part of the student body in prestigious US universities; the math taught in the Indian curriculum is incredibly intense. There are different boards with varying degrees of difficulty, but they're all just that- difficult.
The Oxbridge entrance tests for physics and math, the PAT and MAT respectively, are just regular grade 11 syllabus in India. (I'm sure the same applies to China, Vietnam, etc.)
And the entrance test to India’s prestigious IITs is the hardest physics chemistry math paper in the world, at par with another entrance paper in China.
I'm not trying to prove that Indian math is the hardest: it may well not be.
But I'd like to point out that math across Asia (based off what I know) is definitely harder than in the US.
整个亚洲的数学都很难。
印度人和中国人在美国著名大学的学生群体中占很大比例，这并非巧合；印度课程教授的数学非常难。虽然存在不同难度，但都很难。
牛津剑桥的物理和数学入学考试，即PAT和MAT，只是印度普通的11年级教学大纲水平。(我相信这同样适用于中国、越南等国。)
印度著名的印度理工学院的入学考试是世界上最难的物理、化学、数学试卷，与中国的入学试卷不相上下。
我并不是要证明印度数学是最难的：它很有可能并不是。
但我想指出的是，亚洲的数学(基于我所了解的)绝对比美国难。
Claude Martinet, works at Rio de Janeiro
According to what i know, Marocan and Tunisian have very high level in maths finishing high school (speciality math). according to recents studies, in Shanghai China, is where 15y old high school student got best score in maths. But maybe the content of the courses to finish high school is not so intense. in Maroc, high school is very elitist, same program as France used to have in 70, they study a lot of stuff that are university level else where now-a-days.
For level 2 years after high school, i think France is the best, the Classe Préparatoire program, to prepare entrance to engineering university is very intense. but level at universities is not so great. Students, got tired after 2 or 3 years of hard studies, and study much less once they got to university. (unless they are part of the very best that goes to ecole normal sup, and continue to study pure math)
Has far as i know, Russian completing Master degree in engineering, have excelent level in Maths, also because they need 6years instead of 5, to get to that level.
Indian engineers, are also said to be good at maths.
I think considering very high Tuitions fee in the USA, master level, students tend to work hard to get return back on investment, is not bad at all, but much more specialized than in France or Russia, general level is lower, but student got better specialization in what they studied.
据我所知，摩洛哥和突尼西亚学生在高中毕业时的数学水平非常高。根据最近的研究，中国上海15岁高中生的数学成绩最好。但是高中毕业课程的内容可能没有那么紧张。在摩洛哥，高中是非常精英的，就像法国在70年代那样，他们学习很多大学水平的东西。
对于高中毕业后的第2年的水平，我认为法国是最好的，预科课程，为进入工程大学打基础的课程非常紧张。但是大学阶段的水平不是很好。学生们经过2到3年的苦读已经精疲力尽，一旦上了大学，就不怎么爱学了。(除非他们继续学习纯数学)
据我所知，俄罗斯人在完成工程硕士学位后，会在数学方面取得优异的成绩，这也是因为他们需要6年而不是5年的时间才能达到这个水平。
据说印度工程师也很擅长数学。
我认为，考虑到美国的学费非常高，在硕士阶段学生往往努力学习以获得投资回报，这一点也不坏，但在学科范围方面比法国或俄罗斯小得多，一般水平较低，但学生在他们所学的专业上学得更加精专。
Ayman Nabil, Engineering Manager at Unilever (2016-present)
I do not know what basis this question is built on. The question is vague and the answers reflect the experience of the answerer in one or two or three countries s/he visited. No one got the chance to see all countries and study maths in every country to be able to answer this question. You may also think that the answer to this question is obtained by unifying all conditions and get a standard math student from each country at same grade and at same age …etc and give them a standard math test. That even does not help as every single person is different. In same country , same city , same district , same school, same class with the same teacher you have differences between student's ability. So what is the standard way here? Referring to statistics that compare universities? Not necessarily an indication as well. If Einstein were alive , he would say “this question has no answer”
我不知道这个问题是建立在什么基础上的。问题很含糊，大家的答案都反映了答题人在一个或两个或三个国家了解到的经验。没有人能够看遍所有国家，在每个国家学习数学，以便有能力回答这个问题。你也可以认为这个问题能通过统一所有条件得出结论，从每个国家找一个相同年级、相同年龄的标准水平的数学学生，让他们参加标准的数学测试。这根本没用，因为每个人都是不同的。就算在同一个国家，同一个城市，同一个地区，同一个学校，同一个班级，同一个老师，学生的能力也是参差不齐的。那么有什么标准的方法吗？参考大学评比的统计数据？也不一定有用。如果爱因斯坦还活着，他会说“这个问题没有答案”
Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Thiên, Student at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
I don’t know which country has the hardest, but the true that, in compulsory education curriculum of many country in Asia still think that Mathermatics will show your smart and decide your ability. So they make the Mathematics become too hard.
Personally, I live in VietNam and I can told you hornestly that our Mathematics is crazy hard for student (when compare with homework of another student of the West), but after all student don’t know why they have to learn that, what application of these lecture, and when they pass the lass examination to study in college, in university, they try to forget all.
I have listented about the Mathemation of China, Korea, Japan education curriculum, they have some same point like our Mathermatic - crary hard.
我不知道哪个国家的难度最大，但事实是，在亚洲很多国家的义务教育课程中，仍然认为数学可以展示你的聪明，决定你的能力。所以他们把数学搞得太难了。
就我个人而言,我住在越南,我可以告诉你们，我们的数学对学生来说，比登天还难(与西方学生的作业相比),但毕竟学生不知道他们为什么要学习，这些课有什么用，当他们通过大学入学考试，进入大学后，他们就会忘掉一切。
我曾听说过中国、韩国、日本的数学课程，他们和我们大同小异——都是难得可怕。
Misheck Mwanza, Bachelor's Environmental Engineering & Water Resources Management, Belgorod Oblast (2017)
I learnt with a group of Burundians during my first year of uni. And I must admit, their vast knowledge of the sciences and maths with their Belgian or French standard was pretty impressive, as compared to us who have the British standard of education. So with that experience I’d say the French or Belgians. One of the two should have the hardest education curriculum.
在大学的第一年，我和一群布隆迪人一起学习。我必须承认，与我们英国人的教育水平相比，他们在科学和数学方面的渊博知识和比利时语或法语水平都令人印象深刻。有了这些经验，我觉得答案应该是法国人或比利时人。这两者中有一个有着最难的教学课程。
Anonymous
I lived and studied in Shanghai, China until age of 13, then came to Canada as immigrant. Had to take an assessment test for math and English prior to being admitted in the local school system. The result of that test indicated that my math level was beyond grade 12. Later on I realized that what we took in grade 7 and 8 math classes back in China, e.g. complex algorithm and geometry concepts, are sometimes not taught until year 1 or 2 of a science or engineering program from universities here. In China, calculus can be taught to grade 7 students. Pretty interesting comparison. Needless to say I cruised through all math classes in high school.
我从小在中国上海生活学习，直到13岁移民到了加拿大。在被当地学校录取之前，我必须参加数学和英语考试。那次考试的结果表明我的数学水平超过了12年级的学生。后来我意识到，在中国，我们七、八年级学的数学课，比如复杂的算法和几何概念，有时要等到大学里的科学或工程专业的一、二年级才会教授。在中国，7年级的学生就可以学习微积分。这个比较很有意思。不用说，我高中时每堂数学课都在神游。
Mohsen Zoalroshd, studied at University of South Florida
I finished high school in late 90s in Iran. Back then freshman students would get to pick their discipline(major) which was somewhat similar to what you have as major in college. I chose Math and Physics. In junior and senior years we had combinatorics, graph theory, Calculus(limits, differentiation , integration epsilon-delta definition etc), a bit probability theory and linear algebra (on R^n) in our curricula. Later on when a college student in the States I asked some of my friends from Greece and Germany about their math programs. Honestly I was amazed by their curricula. I suspect that certain countries took their programs after successful European education systems such as Germany and France.
我90年代末在伊朗读完高中。那时候大一的学生可以选择他们的专业，这和你在大学主修专业有些相似。我选择了数学和物理。大三、大四两年，我们学了组合数学、图论、微积分(极限、微分、集成ε-δ定义等),概率论和线性代数(R ^ n)在。后来，当我在美国读大学的时候，我问了一些来自希腊和德国的朋友数学课程学了什么。老实说，我对他们的课程感到惊讶。我怀疑有些国家是在德国和法国等欧洲教育体系取得成功后才开始实施这些教学计划的。
Akshay Kalucha, Bsc Computer Science, University of Delhi (2021)
INDIA AND CHINA
just take a look at jee maths section and you will get your answer.
i see many people from china and other countries.
the maths in India is dope AF.
Imagine how dreaded students would get preparing for jee for 2 long years
印度和中国
只要看看联合入学考试的数学试卷，你就会得到答案。
我遇到过许多来自中国和其他国家的人。
印度的数学太可怕了。
想象一下，学生为联合入学考试备考长达两年的时间，有多可怕。
CP Mishra, Techie| Reader| Traveller
In India Math curriculum of some state boards are much tougher than ICSE/CBSE boards. As Shuai Ye mentioned in case of China, we also used to memorize all the important formulae. I still remember some of them even after 25 years. My daughter is going in 7th grade in USA and here students understand how to prove a formula, what is the significance of it and how to use it at the same time. I guess, it is much better than just memorizing.
In reality, all high school students don’t need advanced maths and it is better to have basic math for everyone and option available for advanced math (like advanced algebra & calculus) for students that are interested. There are few professions that need very advanced knowledge of maths.
At University level, we need progress in areas of pure mathematics as well as applied mathematics.
在印度，一些邦属教育局的数学课程比ICSE/CBSE的要难得多。我们习惯记住所有重要的公式。即使25年过去了，我仍然记得其中的一些。我女儿在美国上七年级，这里的学生懂得如何证明一个公式，它的意义是什么，同时如何使用它。我想，这比死记硬背好多了。
在现实中，所有高中生都不需要高等数学，其实最好的情况是每个人都有基础数学知识，感兴趣的学生可以选修高等数学(如高等代数和微积分)。很少有职业需要非常高级的数学知识。
在大学阶段，我们需要在纯数学和应用数学领域取得进展。
Anonymous
Sri Lanka had the hardest Math curriculum during the `90s and `80s(those days the highest score in country was somewhat around 30 and 40!),although currently eased up a bit, the main AL exam consists of multiple essay questions based on calculus, number theory ,mechanics, statistics,algebra,number theory ...etc. Any score greater than 75 was considered a high distinction pass and the exam was considered extremely stressful as it decided the fate of whether you get to attend an university or not( the university selections were based on the z-scores of the students and only those who were higher up in the 98th percentile were admitted).
I had a friend who got 2A* and a A in the Cambridge AL but he got 2B( between 65 and 75) and C (between 65 and 55) in the local exam.
斯里兰卡80-90年代的数学课程是最难的(当时全国最高的分数大约是30和40分!)，虽然现在的AL考试放松了一些，但考试还是涉及了基于微积分、数论、力学、统计学、代数、数论等的题目。高于75分就算高分了，考试压力特别大，因为它决定了你能否上大学的命运(大学录取是基于学生的得分，只有那些分数超过百分98的学生才能录取)。
我有一个朋友在剑桥大学的AL考试中得了2A*和A，但是他在国内考试中只得了2B(65 - 75之间)和C(65 - 55之间)。
C.Michel de Wilde, studied at Massey University
Indonesia has the hardest maths for the high school curriculums. average high school students learn calculus although they most likely will never use them. however, the maths in indonesia is taught very poorly. emphasizing in memorization and lack of applicability. thus, indonesia's rank is the lowest in maths compared to the other countries.
印尼的高中数学是最难的。剖通高中生学习微积分，尽管他们很可能永远不会用到。然而，印尼的数学教学质量很差。强调记忆，缺乏应用性。因此，与其他国家相比，印尼的数学排名是最低的。
Syed Adeel Hussain, Independent (2017-present)
The Singaporean, the Swedish and the Fsh Models of pedagogy lead the world of Mathematics at the primary learning level!
Not to sure about higher - college, polytechnic and university level standards and rankings.
新加坡、瑞典和芬兰的教学模式在小学阶段就全球领先!
我不清楚高等院校，理工学院和大学的水平标准和排名。
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