Who are the Nobel Prize winners from India?

有哪些印度人获得了诺贝尔奖？

以下是Quora读者的评论：

Vivek Banerjee, NIT Jamshedpur (2014-18), Quizzer, History buff

By 'from India' let's put this in the following categories..

1. a) People born in India (including British India) and receiving as Indian citizens
2. b) People born in India (including British India) but receiving as Overseas citizens
3. c) People born Overseas but receiving as Indian citizens
4. d) People residing in India while receiving
5. e) People of Indian origin while receiving
6. f) People born in India receiving it on behalf of an organization

问题中的“印度人”，可以分为以下几类：

a） 在印度（包括英属印度）出生并作为印度公民领奖的人

b） 出生在印度（包括英属印度）但作为海外公民领奖的人

c） 在海外出生但作为印度公民领奖的人

d） 领奖时居住在印度的人

e） 印度后裔

f） 在印度出生的人代表一个组织领奖

Let's look into the recipients of the much famed Nobel Prize..

a) People born in India (including British India) and receiving as Indian citizens

让我们看看著名的诺贝尔奖获得者有哪些。

a） 在印度（包括英属印度）出生并作为印度公民领奖的人

1. Rabindranath Tagore

Year: 1913, Subject: Literature

Born in Calcutta, British India, Tagore was awarded "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."

1. 拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔

年份：1913，类别：文学

泰戈尔出生于英属印度加尔各答，他 “因为非常敏感，清新和美丽的诗句，凭借精湛的技巧用独特的英语表达自己的诗歌思想，成为西方文学的重要组成部分。”而获奖。

2. Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Year: 1930, Subject: Physics

Born in Madras Province, British India, Raman was awarded "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."

2. 钱德拉塞卡拉·文卡塔·拉曼博士

年份：1930，类别：物理

拉曼出生在英属印度的马德拉斯省，他因“在光的散射方面的工作以及发现了他名字命名的光学效应”而获奖。

3. Dr. Amartya Sen

Year: 1998, Subject: Economic Sciences

Born in Bengal Province, British India, Sen was awarded “for his contribution to welfare economics.”

3. 阿马蒂亚森博士

年份：1998，类别：经济科学

森出生于英属印度孟加拉邦省，被授予“福利经济学贡献奖”

4. Kailash Satyarthi

Year: 2014, Subject: Peace

Born in Madhya Pradesh, Republic of India, Satyarthi was awarded jointly with Malala Yousafzai “"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education."

4. 凯拉什·萨蒂亚尔希

年份：2014，类别：和平

萨蒂亚尔希出生于印度共和国中央邦，他与马拉拉·优素福扎伊共同被授予“反对镇压儿童和青年的斗争，为所有儿童争取受教育的权利”

b) People born in India (including British India) but receiving as Overseas citizens

b） 出生在印度（包括英属印度）但作为海外公民接受的人

1. Rudyard Kipling

Year: 1907, Subject: Literature

Born in Bombay, British India, but an English citizen, Kipling was awarded “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.”

1.拉迪亚德·吉卜林

年份：1907，类别：文学

吉卜林出生于英属印度孟买，但是英国公民，因“具备观察力、想象力的独创性、思想的男子气概和非凡的叙述才能，这些都是这位世界著名作家创作的特点。”而获奖。

2. Sir Ronald Ross

Year: 1902, Subject: Medicine

Born in Almora, British India, Ross, an English citizen, was awarded "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it."

2.罗纳德·罗斯爵士

年份：1902，类别：医学

出生于英属印度的阿尔莫拉，英国公民罗斯因“在疟疾方面的研究成果，通过这项研究，他展示了疟疾如何进入生物体，从而奠定了对这一疾病和防治方法的成功研究的基础。”而获奖。

3. Har Gobind Khorana

Year: 1968, Subject: Medicine

Born in Punjab, British India, Khorana, citizen of the United States, was awarded jointly with Holley and Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."

3. 哈尔·哥宾德·科拉纳

年份：1968，类别：医学

霍拉纳出生于英属印度旁遮普省，是美国公民，他与霍利和尼伦伯格因“对基因密码的解释及其在蛋白质合成中的作用” 共同获得殊荣。

4. Abdus Salam

Year: 1979, Subject: Physics

Born in Jhang, Punjab, British India, Salam, a Pakistani citizen, shared the award with Glashow and Weinberg “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current.”

4. 阿普杜勒·萨拉姆

年份：1979，类别：物理

巴基斯坦公民萨拉姆出生于英属印度旁遮普省贾昂，他与格拉肖夫和温伯格“因为他们对基本粒子间统一弱相互作用和电磁相互作用理论的贡献，包括对弱中性电流的预测。”共同获得这一奖项。

5. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar

Year: 1983, Subject: Physics

Born in Lahore, British India, Chandrasekhar, citizen of USA, was awarded “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars.”

5. 苏布拉曼扬·钱德拉塞卡

年份：1983，类别：物理

钱德拉塞卡出生于英属印度的拉合尔，美国公民，因“对恒星结构和演化具有重要意义的物理过程的理论研究”而获奖。

6. Muhammad Yunus

Year: 2006, Subject: Peace

6. 穆罕默德·尤努斯

年份：2006，类别：和平

7. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

Year: 2009, Subject: Chemistry

Born in Tamil Nadu, Republic of India, Ramakrishnan was awarded "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome." He is a citizen of Great Britain.

拉马克·里希南

年份2009年 类别：化学

拉马克·里希南出生于印度泰米尔纳德邦，凭借对“核糖体结构和功能的研究”而获奖。他是英国公民

8. Abhijit V. Banerjee

Year: 2019, Subject: Economic Sciences

Born in Dhule and educated in Kolkata and Delhi, Banerjee shares the 2019 Economic Sciences Nobel Prize “for their experimental approach in alleviating poverty.” He is the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at MIT, USA.

8，阿比吉特·班纳吉

年份2019，类别：经济学

班纳吉出生于杜尔，在加尔各答和德里接受教育，凭借其在减少贫困方面的实验研究而获得2019年诺贝尔经济学奖。他是美国麻省理工学院福特基金会国际经济学教授。

c) People born Overseas but receiving as Indian citizens

1. Mother Teresa (born as Agnes Bojaxhiu)

Year: 1979, Subject: Peace

c) 在海外出生但作为印度公民领奖的人

特蕾莎修女(原名艾格尼丝·博加西乌)

年份1979年，类别:和平

Born in Skopje (now Macedonia), Mother Teresa was awarded for being the "Founder of Missionaries of Charity" in India.

特蕾莎修女出生在斯科普里(现在的马其顿)，她被授予印度“慈善传教士创始人”的称号

e) People of Indian origin while receiving

Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
Year: 2001, Subject: Literature

e) 领奖时居住在印度的人

奈波尔，

年份2001年，类别:文学

Born in Trinidad and Tobago, Naipaul received the award "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."

奈波尔出生于特立尼达和多巴哥，“凭借其作品中颇具洞察力的叙事，让我们看到被压抑的历史的存在”而获得诺贝尔文学奖。

f) People born in India receiving it on behalf of an organization

Rajendra Pachauri
Year: 2007, Subject: Peace

f) 在印度出生的人代表一个组织领奖

拉金德拉·帕乔里年

年份2007年，类别：和平

Devender Sharma, Senior Pharmacist at Indian Railways (2014-present)

The Nobel Prize is a prestigious international award, given by the Swedish and Norwegian institutions into different categories such as chemistry, Physics, Medicine or Physiology, Peace, literature and economic sciences. The Nobel prize was started by Swedish chemist, engineer Alfred Nobel in 1895. There are some Indians who have also won the Nobel prize in different fields or categories.

Nobel prize winners of India

Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore was a famous Indian poet, writer and Ayurveda researcher. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel prize in literature. He was also known as Gurudev, Kaviguru and Bard of Bengal. He wrote the national anthem of two nations , India and Bangladesh.

Literature

Gitanjali, Gora, Amar Shonar Bangla, Jana Gana Mana and Ghare-Baire etc.

Nobel Prize: literature in 1913

Contribution:

“Because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of literature of the West.”

诺贝尔奖是一个享有盛誉的国际奖项，由瑞典和挪威的机构颁发，分为化学、物理、医学或生理学、和平、文学和经济科学等不同类别。诺贝尔奖由瑞典化学家、工程师阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔于1895年创立。有一些印度人在不同领域或类别中获得了诺贝尔奖。

印度诺贝尔奖获得者

拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔

泰戈尔是印度著名的诗人、作家和阿育吠陀研究者。他是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的非欧洲人。他也被称为古鲁德夫，卡维古鲁和孟加拉诗人。他为两个国家写了国歌：印度和孟加拉国。

文学类

Gitanjali、Gora、Amar Shonar Bangla、Jana Gana Mana和Ghare Baire等。

1913年获得诺贝尔文学奖

贡献：

因为他笔下非常敏感，清新和美丽的诗句，凭借精湛的技巧用独特的英语表达自己的诗歌思想，成为西方文学的重要组成部分。

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: was an Indian Physicist who was expertise in “Scattering of light” field and gave new concept known as “Raman Effect.”

He was the first Indian or Asian to receive a Nobel prize in any branch of science. He was also selected to Indian Financial services.

Scientific Achievements:

1. Raman effect: Related to in “Scattering of light.”
2. Reason for Blue colour of the sea.
3. Acousto-Optic effect: explains light scattering by sound waves and also known as “Raman-Nath theory.”

Nobel Prize: Physics in 1930

Contribution:

“For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him.”

钱德拉塞卡拉·文卡塔·拉曼爵士：印度物理学家，擅长“光的散射”领域，提出了“拉曼效应”的新概念。

他是首个在科学领域获得诺贝尔奖的印度人或亚洲人。他还被选入印度金融服务业。

科学成就：

1. 拉曼效应：与“光散射”有关
2. 海水呈蓝色的原因。
3. 声光效应：解释声波的光散射，也称为“拉曼-纳特理论”

诺贝尔物理学奖

贡献：

“因为他在光的散射方面的工作，也因为以他名字命名的光学效应的发现。”

Har Gobind Khorana

was a biochemist who worked especially in molecular biology.

Scientific achievements:

1. first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides.
2. Explained the order of nucleotides in nucleic acid and role of nucleotides in protein synthesis.
3. Developed the first synthetic gene and invention of polymerase chain reaction.

Nobel Prize: Physiology or Medicine in 1968.

Contribution:

” for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.”

哈尔·哥宾德·科拉纳

他是一位生物化学家，主要研究分子生物学方面的工作。

科学成就：

1.第一个用化学手段合成寡核苷酸的科学家。

2.解释了核苷酸在核酸中的序列以及核苷酸在蛋白质合成中的作用。

3.研制出第一个合成基因并发明了聚合酶链反应。

诺贝尔奖：1968年生理学或医学。

贡献：

“因其解释了遗传密码及其在蛋白质合成中的作用。”

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was a catholic nun and founded the “Missionaries of Charity.” This charity works on managing the homes of those people who are dying of AIDS, Leprosy and tuberculosis.

Nobel Prize: Peace in 1979

Contribution:

Leader of Missionaries of Charity. Calcutta.

特蕾莎修女

特蕾莎修女是一位天主教修女，创立了“慈善传教士”，这个慈善机构致力于打理那些因艾滋病、麻风病和肺结核而垂死的病患的家庭。

诺贝尔奖：1979年，和平奖

贡献：

慈善传教士的领袖。加尔各答。

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar:

is an astrophysicist who helped to study the physical process of importance to the structure and evolution of stars.

Scientific achievements:

1. Structure and evolution of stars.
2. Model for evolutionary stages of Black hole.
3. Dynamic friction: decelerating the stars and helps to stabilize the cluster of stars.
4. Chandrasekhar limit: this unit explains the maxmum mass of a stable white dwarf. Value of Unit: 1.4 M

Nobel Prize: Physics in 1983.

Contribution

” for his theoretical studies of physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of stars.”

苏布拉曼扬·钱德拉塞卡：

是一位天体物理学家，他研究了对恒星的结构和演化具有重要意义的物理过程。

科学成就：

1.恒星的结构和演化。

2.黑洞演化阶段模型。

3.动力摩擦：使恒星减速，有助于稳定星团。

4.钱德拉塞卡极限：这个单位解释了稳定白矮星的最大质量。单位价值：1.4M

诺贝尔奖：1983年物理学。

贡献

“对恒星结构和演化具有重要意义的物理过程的理论研究。”

Amartya Sen

Amartya Sen is an economist. He is expertise in the welfare economics, social choice theory and development economics fields. His contributions on formulations of the Human development index which was published by UNDP.

Nobel Prize: Economic science in 1998

Contribution

“for his contributions to welfare economics.

阿马蒂亚·森

阿马蒂亚·森是一位经济学家。他擅长福利经济学、社会选择理论和发展经济学领域。他对开发计划署公布的人类发展指数的编制作出了贡献。

1998年诺贝尔经济学奖

贡献

“因为他对福利经济学作出的贡献。

V.S. Naipaul:. S. Naipaul was a writer, wrote comic novels and his vigilant novels of life and travels.

Literature: A Home for Mr. Biswas. In a free state, An area of Darkness, A bend in the river.

Nobel Prize: literature in 2001.

Contribution:

” for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel people to see the presence of suppressed histories.”

V．S．奈保尔：奈保尔是一个作家，写漫画小说和关于自己生活、旅途的小说。

文学作品：《比斯瓦斯先生的家》、《在自由之邦》，《黑暗地域》，《河流之湾》。

2001年诺贝尔文学奖。

贡献：

“因为在其作品中有一贯的感性叙事和正直审视，迫使人们看到被封锁的历史事实。”

Venkatraman Ramkrishnan

Venkatraman Ramkrishnan is a structural biologist and known for his work mainly in structure and function of ribosome and molecular crystallography.

Scientific achievements:

1. Determine atomic structure of whole ribosome in complex at its tRNA and mRNA biosynthesis.
2. Work on histone and chromatids structure.
3. Determine atomic structure of 30s ribosome subunit.

Nobel Prize: Chemistry in 2009.

Contribution:

“for the studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.”

文卡特拉曼·拉姆克里希南

文卡塔拉曼·拉姆克里希南是一位结构生物学家，以其主要研究核糖体结构和功能以及分子晶体学而闻名。

科学成就：

1.测定复合物中整个核糖体的tRNA和mRNA生物合成的原子结构。

2.组蛋白和染色单体结构的研究。

3.测定30s核糖体亚基的原子结构。

2009年诺贝尔化学奖。

贡献：

“研究核糖体的结构和功能。”

Kailash Satyarthi:

Kailash Satyarthi is a social reformer to work for rights of children such as ban on child labor, trafficking and support to the universal Right to education.

Organization:

1. Bachpan Bachao Andolan: founder of it.
2. Goodweave international: An NGO working to end illegal child laboring rug making.
3. Global campaign for child education.

Nobel Prize: Peace in 2014.

Contribution:

” for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.”

凯拉什·萨蒂亚尔希：

凯拉什萨蒂亚提是一位致力于儿童权利的社会改革者，如禁止童工、贩卖人口和支持普及教育权。

组织机构：

1.巴赫潘·巴乔·安多兰：创始人。

2.古德维尤国际：一个致力于终结非法童工地毯制造的非政府组织。

3.全球儿童教育运动。

诺贝尔奖：2014年和平奖。

贡献：

“因他们反对镇压儿童和青年的斗争，为所有儿童争取受教育的权利。”

Abhijit Banerjee: Abhijit Banerjee is an economist who works on “Development economics” and his field experiments help to alleviate poverty.

Nobel Prize: Economic Science in 2019.

Contribution:

“for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.”

Born in Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India, Yunus and his Grameen Bank were awarded "for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work." He is a citizen of Bangladesh.

阿比吉特·班纳吉：阿比吉特班纳吉是一位从事“发展经济学”的经济学家，他的实地实验有助于减轻贫困。

诺贝尔奖：2019年经济科学奖。

贡献：

“为了他们减轻全球贫困的实验性方法。”

尤努斯出生于英属印度孟加拉首都吉大港，尤努斯和他的孟加拉乡村银行被授予“通过开创性的小额信贷工作为穷人，特别是妇女提供经济和社会机会”。他是孟加拉国公民。

7. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

Year: 2009, Subject: Chemistry

Born in Tamil Nadu, Republic of India, Ramakrishnan was awarded "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome." He is a citizen of Great Britain.

7. 文卡特拉曼·拉马克里希南

时间：2009，类别：化学

拉马克里希南出生于印度共和国泰米尔纳德邦，他因“核糖体结构和功能”而获奖。他是英国公民。

c) People born Overseas but receiving as Indian citizens

c） 在海外出生但以印度公民身份领奖的人

1. Mother Teresa (born as Agnes Bojaxhiu)

Year: 1979, Subject: Peace

Born in Skopje (now Macedonia), Mother Teresa was awarded for being the "Founder of Missionaries of Charity" in India.

1. 特蕾莎修女（出生于阿格尼丝·博雅舒）

年份：1979，类别：和平

特蕾莎修女出生于斯科普里（今马其顿），因其在印度的“慈善传教士创始人”而获奖。

e) People of Indian origin while receiving

e） 印度后裔

1. Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul

Year: 2001, Subject: Literature

Born in Trinidad and Tobago, Naipaul received the award "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."

1.维迪亚达尔·苏拉杰普拉萨德·奈保尔爵士

年份：2001，类别：文学

奈保尔出生于特立尼达和多巴哥，他因“因为在其作品中有一贯的感性叙事和正直审视，迫使人们看到被封锁的历史事实”而获奖。

f) People born in India receiving it on behalf of an organization

f） 在印度出生，代表某个组织领奖

1. Rajendra Pachauri

Year: 2007, Subject: Peace

Pachauri received the award on behalf of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the Chairman of IPCC along with Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."

1. 拉金德拉·帕乔里

年份：2007，类别：和平

帕乔里作为政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的主席，和戈尔一起代表IPCC获得了该奖项，“因为他们努力积累和传播更多关于人为气候变化的知识，并为应对这种变化所需的措施奠定基础。”

Sheshrao Kharpkar, Professor (1987-present)

Nobel Prize is an international award given every year. Nobel Prize is awarded to the person who makes the most important contribution to the field of Chemistry, Physics, Economics, Medicine, Literature and Peace.

Rabindranath Tagore Was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Rabindranath Tagore awarded for his poetry, music, paintings and literature.

C.V. Raman Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. He was the first Asian scientist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics. He has won the Nobel Prize for Raman Effect.

Mother Teresa was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize for his great work. They serve a lot of sad and sick people.

Kailash Satyarthi was Nobel Peace Prize 2014. He has devoted his whole life to the protection and education of children.

诺贝尔奖是每年颁发的国际性奖项。诺贝尔奖授予在化学、物理学、经济学、医学、文学与和平领域做出最重要贡献的人。

泰戈尔于1913年获得诺贝尔文学奖。泰戈尔因其诗歌、音乐、绘画和文学而获奖。

C.V.拉曼在1930年被授予诺贝尔物理学奖。他是第一位获得诺贝尔物理学奖的亚洲科学家。他因拉曼效应获得了诺贝尔奖。

特蕾莎修女因其伟大的工作而获得1979年诺贝尔奖。他们为许多悲伤和生病的人无私服务。

凯拉什·萨蒂亚尔希获得2014年诺贝尔和平奖。他毕生致力于保护和教育儿童。