Modi’s double-engine Sarkar

莫迪的双引擎政府

WHEN Prime Minister Narendra Modi barrels around India to support allies running for state government elections his war cry is: ‘ab ki bar double engine ki sarkar’ (this time a double-engine government). At face value this means having the BJP at the centre together with BJP governments in every one of India’s 28 states. State residents are promised that two engines pulling together will deliver twice the power.

But the true meaning of Modi’s double engine metaphor transcends India’s state-level electoral politics. It’s actually about reinventing national ideology, culture, and education. To understand why India presently stands so high on the world stage — and also how it could crash down — let’s peek inside the two engines. The lessons for Pakistan are immediate and obvious.

当印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪四处奔走，支持盟友参加邦政府选举时，他的战斗口号是:“双引擎政府已经来临”。这意味着中央人民党政府和印度28个邦的人民党政府携手努力。他向这些邦的民众承诺双引擎合力可以提供两倍的推动力。

但莫迪所谓“双引擎”的真正含义不局限于印度的邦级选举，实际上已关乎国家意识形态、文化和教育的改造重塑。为了搞清楚印度如今在国际舞台上的地位为什么这么高，将来可能会如何衰败，我们不妨深入研究一下这两个引擎。由此巴基斯坦可以获得直接、清晰的经验。

The first engine pulls India along the road to prosperity and modernity. It has sent Indian spacecraft winging to the moon and Mars, placed India’s IT and pharmaceutical companies among the world’s largest, filled America’s best universities with professors who are graduates of Indian universities, and created some of the world’s biggest business empires. Several top Silicon Valley entrepreneurs are Indian.

The secret of success is well-known — strong systems of education that create skills, knowledge, attitudes and social behaviours suited for modern times. Together with that, a strong work ethic in the labour force. Stated differently, high national achievement springs naturally from the quickness with which a country universalises or ‘Westernises’ its education and creates positive attitudes towards work.

Here’s how India grew into the present. Empowered by the scientific and industrial revolutions, Britain colonised India and sought to spread Western education and values. Conservative Hindus emphatically rejected this modernisation but reformist movements such as Brahmo Samaj under Ram Mohan Roy and others made deep inroads.

一号引擎将印度拉上了繁荣和现代化的道路，把印度的宇宙飞船送上了月球和火星，把印度的IT业和制药公司推进了全球最大的公司之列，让美国顶尖大学里处处可见印度大学培养出来的教授，并创造了一些全球最大的商业帝国。硅谷企业有不少高管都是印度人。

成功的秘诀并非秘密——强大的教育体系培养了适合现代需求的技能、知识、态度和社会行为。与此同时，雇员也有强烈的职业道德。换句话说，一个国家的优异成就源于教育的迅速普及、教育的“西化”，并培养了积极的工作态度。

But Hindu nationalists now want India’s goals and self-image drastically revised. Modi’s second engine, fuelled by febrile imaginations, pushes India towards emulating some kind of Hindu rashtra from an idyllic past. My friend Prof Badri Raina, now retired from Delhi University, says that “this backward engine would have us believe that in ancient times we had knowledge of plastic surgery, aeronautics, satellite vision, even as streams of foaming white milk flowed down our plains, and golden birds perched on the branches of trees”.

What if the likes of Roy and Nehru had never exsted? Under engine #2 India’s education would have been Sanskrit-based with English only barely understood. Post-independence India would have become a garbage dump for every kind of crackpot science. Medical research would have focused on medicines made from cow urine and cow dung, the celibacy of peacocks would be under intense scrutiny, astrology would be taught in place of astronomy, and there would be Vedic mathematics instead of actual mathematics.

但印度教民族主义者现在希望印度的目标和自我形象得到大幅改变。莫迪的第二个引擎，是脑洞大开地推动印度效仿历史上的印度教国家。我的朋友、现已从德里大学(Delhi University)退休的巴德里·雷娜教授说，“这个倒行逆施的引擎会让我们相信，我们在古印度时期就掌握了整容、航空学、卫星的知识，甚至白色的牛奶在平原上流淌、金色的鸟儿在树枝上栖息。”

如果罗伊和尼赫鲁这样的人从未存在过呢？在二号引擎的推动下，印度的教育将以梵语为基础，英语无人问津。独立后的印度会成为各种疯狂科学的垃圾场。医学研究将集中在用牛尿和牛粪制药上，占星术将取代天文学，吠陀数学将取代现代数学。

By the time Partition came around, there was a massive Hindu-Muslim gap. Nevertheless, for the first few decades, Pakistan’s engine #1 steadily gained strength and was consistently stronger than its second engine. Among other things, Pakistan’s space programme (born 1961, now dead) much preceded India’s.

在分治时期，印度教徒和msl之间出现了巨大的鸿沟。但在随后几十年里，巴基斯坦的一号引擎稳步增强，一直强于二号引擎。此外，巴基斯坦的太空计划(诞生于1961年，现已夭折)也远远早于印度。

Forward motion slowed then stopped in the 1980s after Pakistan’s engine #2 took over. Standards and workforce competence sank. Institutions and organisations steadily crumbled for lack of modern-minded people. Industrialisation flopped in spite of the billions pumped in by America, China and Saudi Arabia. Finding graduates of Pakistani institutions capable of performing even basic tasks became harder and harder. Throwing more money at education was tried but learning outcomes kept worsening.

Pakistan’s regular schools have now come to resemble madressahs with the difference shrinking by the year. Many surveys indicate student learning has descended to Somalia-like levels. Adding more fuel to engine #2, the PDM government has accelerated implementation of the regressive Single National Curriculum conceived by Imran Khan’s government. Helplessly, we gravitate downward. Will India eventually suffer Pakistan’s fate? That depends upon which of its two engines can pull harder.

在20世纪80年代，巴基斯坦的二号引擎接替一号引擎后，发展速度慢慢放缓，直至停滞不前。劳动力能力下降了。因为具有现代意识的人才，机构和组织逐渐崩溃。尽管美国、中国和沙特阿拉伯向巴基斯坦注资了了数十亿美元，但工业化还是以失败告终。要物色到能完成基本工作任务的巴基斯坦大学毕业生变得越来越难。政府曾尝试为教育加大投资，但学生的学习成效一年不如一年。

巴基斯坦的普通学校现在已经和ysl学校很接近了，而且每年的差距都在不断缩小。许多调查显示，巴基斯坦学生的学习水平已经降至索马里学生的水平。为二号引擎加油吧，政府加速实施了伊姆兰·汗政府的倒行逆施的单一国民教育课程。我们被裹挟着坠落，无力挣扎。印度最终会不会重蹈巴基斯坦的覆辙？这取决于双引擎中哪一个的拉动力更强。

以下是巴基斯坦黎明报读者的评论：

Neutral

Great article! Love the deep analyses !!

好文！就喜欢这种有深度的分析！

shan

Fix your triple engine sarkar first.

先把你们的三引擎政府搞定吧。

RAaja Raman

Brilliant analysis and spot on. Prof. Hoodhboy never ceases to amaze. Stay safe...Sir

分析得真好，十分精确。Hoodhboy伊教授总是让人叹服。注意安全，先生。

Shakeel

By the way sir, who was the first education minister of India?

对了教授先生，印度的第一任教育部长是谁呢？

KSD

India's engine #1 (institutions) has gained so much strength over the decades that the engine #2 (religious fervor) has become almost irrelevant. Let us hope Pakistan can turn around and replicate that model as well.

在过去几十年里，印度的头号引擎(制度)获得了非常强大的推力，二号引擎(宗教狂热)变得无关紧要了。我们希望巴基斯坦能够扭转局面，复制这一模式。

ASHOK

A good timely warning

这是非常及时的警告。

Ijaz Durrani

Insightful article by the learned author. Double ENGINE SARKAR is doing IND a lot of good. Currently, Indians occupy 60% of the CEO jobs in the World's TOP CORPORATIONS, while we have just one --CEO KFC in kee with our cannibalism!! IND have always been Nationalistic, we have many Quislings in our Ranks.

这位博学作者写的文章真是见解深刻。双引擎政府在印度干了很多实事好事。目前，印度人担任了世界顶级公司60%的CEO职位，而我们只有一个——肯德基CEO！印度人民党一直奉行民族主义，而我们国家有很多卖国贼。

Nomad

I am an avid admirer of the learned Professor, but this time I have to disagree. Mr. Modi does have a religious agenda for many reasons, but it is wrong to say that this has affected the modern curriculum in the schools or in higher education.

我是这位博学教授的狂热粉丝，但对这篇文章我并不赞同。莫迪出于许多原因大搞宗教复兴，但并没有影响学校或高等教育的现代课程。

s

A Hindu mindset always gravitate towards Education and prosperity irrespective of party in power.

不管哪个政党执政，印度人都很重视教育和发展。

JustSaying

Good analysis. Modi's growth engine # 2 can't be compared to Pakistan's engine growth # 2 as it is way too ancient, unorganized, incoherent and it will fail at very first step of practicality, hence, in real sense it will neither do any good nor any bad, however, it has sentimental value for Hindus which is being encashed electorally by Modi's BJP. Modi is using religion to get votes, however, his policy decisions such as Digital India and Make in India shows a completely different thinking.

不错的分析。莫迪的二号引擎无法与巴基斯坦的二号引擎相提并论，因为它太过时、太没条理、太不合逻辑，一旦推行就注定失败。因此，从真正意义上说，它只会无功无过。但它对印度教徒有情感价值，而这正是莫迪的人民党在选举中的依靠。莫迪正利用宗教拉选票，但他的“数字印度”和“印度制造”则反映了完全不同的见解。

Kris

There is a reason Modi is infinitely more popular than any other leader within the BJP. He has really energized the Indian bureaucracy from their 70 year slumber.

莫迪在人民党内部更受欢迎是有原因的。他确实让印度官僚机构从70年的沉睡中恢复了活力。

Anwar Kazi

The good professor is assigning ills to the second engine without much evidence.

这位优秀的教授在证据不足的情况下把问题归咎于二号引擎。

John

Japanese didn't adopt English education, but they are more advanced than any other country in the planet. So don't just write off native science. If India had adopted non English system, it would have been a different route to prosperity.

日本人也没有接受英语教育，但他们比其他国家都要发达。所以，不要一味否定本土科学成就。如果印度采用非英语教育系统，将踏上另一条发展之路。

John The Baptist

Pakistan learn from Modi? Perish the thought!

巴基斯坦从莫迪身上吸取教训？打消这个鬼念头吧！

David

You don't need to learn from India, learn from China and others Asian nations who are growing, but learn from some where, let Pakistan grow in the same manner. BJP Election rhetoric is one thing, but no one has challenged so far that Indian welfare schemes are biased for any community.

你们不需要向印度，向中国或其他蓬勃发展的亚洲国家学习，要学就向和其他国家学习吧，巴基斯坦可以采取相同的发展模式。人民党的选举口号是一回事，但到目前为止，没有人抗议印度的福利体制偏袒不公。

Zahir

Every other institution in pakistan is being "managed" by bureaucrats or generals. Their bureaucracy won't let qualified individuals work. It is these unqualified leeches that have sucked professional institutions in the country dry.

巴基斯坦的机构都是官僚或将军“管理”的。他们的官僚作风让合格的人才都找不到工作。正是这些蚂蟥把专业机构都吸垮了。

Yunus

Prof uncle has little or knows nothing about the land his forefathers were born.. His only window to understanding is through some baised tv, newspaper articles.. What a shame....

教授大叔对祖先的故土几乎一无所知。他唯一的信息窗口是那些有偏见的电视和报纸文章。真丢脸。

Az_Iz

Among East Asian countries, the article ignored to mention Indonesia and Malaysia, Muslim majority countries, with Per capita income that is almost two and four times that of India. It also ignored the success of Pakistani Americans, who , just like other Asian Americans, outperform others in many metrics including education and per capita income.

这篇文章忽略了印度尼西亚和马来西亚国家，人均收入几乎是印度的2到4倍。文章还忽视了巴基斯坦裔美国人的成就，他们和其他亚裔美国人一样，在教育和人均收入等许多指标上都优于其他族裔。

Saeed Ahmed Khan Leghari

A rational, down to earth analysis. Hope it awakens some lethargic souls in this part of the world.

很理性、接地气的分析。希望能唤醒一些沉睡的灵魂。

Az_Iz

As the author has mentioned in a previous article, Pakistan got 1 out of 16 universities at the time of partition. The share of industries was also lopsided, against Pakistan. The country started off with a big disadvantage in key areas. Getting involved in Afghanistan in the 80s was also a big drag.

正如作者在之前的一篇文章中提到的，巴基斯坦在分治时期只分到16所大学中的1所。印度的工业也比巴基斯坦强上许多。巴基斯坦在关键领域的起步非常薄弱。80年代卷入阿富汗战争，也是一大拖累。

Az_Iz

A single large market is also a big advantage. Economies of scale is quite helpful in industrialization.

巨大的市场也是一大优势。规模经济对工业化很有帮助。

Az_Iz

India is ranked at 107 on world hunger index, with Pakistan doing slightly better , being ranked at 99.

印度在世界饥饿指数上排名107，巴基斯坦稍好一些，排名99。

Jay

World Top 500 chess players have over 60 Indians. O Pakistanis. More than just engines.

世界500强棋手中有60多个印度人，0个巴基斯坦人。不单是引擎的问题。

Az_Iz

It seems to be a game of see saw. Pakistan was ahead first. Then India pulled ahead. Now Bangladesh has pulled ahead of India in nominal per capita GDP.

这就是个跷跷板游戏。巴基斯坦先领先，然后换印度领先。现在孟加拉的名义人均GDP已经超过了印度。

Az_Iz

Pakistani Americans, just like other Asian Americans, outperform others, in education and per capita income. A lot of them maintain firm roots in religion. It is not uncommon to see Friday sermons give by Doctors ,in uniform, or other professional.

巴基斯坦裔美国人和其他亚裔美国人一样，在教育和人均收入方面都优于族裔。他们中的许多人都有坚定的宗教信仰。穿着制服的医生和其他专业人员在星期五布道也很正常

Arun1

Superb as always but ignores the contribution made by Hinduism.

博士还是一如既往的卓越，但您忽视了印度教的贡献。

Arun

The author has missed a vital point. Even an uneducated Hindu wants English medium western education for his child. That will keep engine number 1 chugging along the road to development in India.

作者漏掉了一个关键点。没读过书的印度人也希望自己的孩子接受西式英语教育。这能让印度在发展道路上隆隆前进。

Ma

The forward pulling engine was disengaged a long time ago. The level of ignorance and backward thinking is depressing among Pakistani communities.

巴基斯坦的引擎已经罢工很久了。巴基斯坦社区的无知和落后让人触目惊心。

Vinay

I have the same kind of anxety about the education in India and Pakistan. Be proud of your heritage but don't abondon the system that helps you progress and becomes self sufficient.

我对印度和巴基斯坦的教育一样焦虑。要为自己的传统感到骄傲，但不要放弃扶助你进步的体制。

Ahmad Alvi

In both India and Pakistan huge level of ignorance and illiteracy still exst. While Chaos in Pakistan looks like continuing in India independent thinking is fighting back

在印度和巴基斯坦，仍然存在大量的文盲。虽然巴基斯坦的那种混乱似乎在印度继续，但独立思维越来越深受人心

Shaun

As long as BJP is in Government, India is unstoppable in every field. They are just correcting the failures of the Congress Party. Hope Pakistan can learn something from it. In India, everyone has the right to freedom.

只要人民党执政，印度在每个领域都势不可挡。他们只是在纠正国大党的失误。希望巴基斯坦能从中学到一些东西。在印度，每个人都有自由的权利。