In 1947, did British decide to leave India or were forced to do so?

1947年，英国是自愿离开印度还是被迫离开印度？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Anirban Karmakar

Britishers were forced to leave India. Many people will say that Gandhiji's mass movements triggered it, some will say world war 2 triggered it but the actual reason was something else.

Gandhiji's movements definitely brought people together and that was needed to unite everyone for forming a free nation. But the movements didn't force britishers to leave India. Quit India movement was launched in 1942 and was not actually a success and India gained independence in 1947. So, the non violent movements were not actually the cause of Independence but were the cause of the unity of Indians.

英国人是被迫离开印度的。很多人会说英国人的撤退是甘地的群众运动导致的，也有些人会说是第二次世界大战导致的，但其实另有原因。

毫无疑问，甘地的群众运动将印度人团结在一起，这是众志成城、建立自由国家的必要条件。但这些运动并没能迫使英国人离开印度。1942年印度发起了“退出印度运动”，但并不成功，印度于1947年才获得独立。所以，非暴力运动其实并不是印度独立的真正原因，而却是印度人民团结一致的原因。

And about world war 2, yes it had an effect on the Indian independence but not a direct one. It was not that british economy was severely damaged and so they were forced to leave India. Same thing happened during the first world war and britishers, instead of leaving India, increased their cruelty by forcefully taking increased taxes and many other things.

If you remember, before the “Sipahi Vidroh” there was company raj and not the british government raj. Before and after the “Sipahi Vidroh”, the britishers were ruling the country using army of Indians. There were about 50000 british soldiers and above 300000 Indian soldiers in the british army during “Sipahi Vidroh”. And so when Sipahis started Vidroh company raj was shown hell and the queen of england had to take over the control.

再说说第二次世界大战，是的，二战对印度的独立有影响，但没有直接影响。并不是因为英国经济受到严重打击，他们才因此被迫离开印度。第一次世界大战期间英国经济也深受重创，但英国人也没有撤出印度，相反英国还通过强行征收更多税收和其他手段，给印度人民带去了更多折磨。

也许你还记得，在“Sipahi Vidroh”之前，是公司统治，而非英国政府统治。在“Sipahi Vidroh”之前、之后，英国人使用印度军队统治印度。在“Sipahi Vidroh”期间，英国军队中有大约5万名英国士兵、30多万印度士兵。当Sipahis开始创办Vidroh公司时，英国女王不得不接管控制权。

Same thing happened after 1945. First the navy, then the air force and army started mutiny. And it was not the effect of Gandhiji's non violence movements. It was because of actions of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. When he formed the Ajad Hind Fauj in Germany and after that led the INA from Singapore to fight for the Indian independence, the Indian men in the british forces were triggered to start mutiny. They were inflamed by the Red Fort trials. Mutiny was never the ideology of Gandhiji. And at that time there were only 40000 british troops in India who were eager to go home and in no mood to fight 2.5 million battle hardened India soldiers who were being demobilised. It is under these circumstances that british decided to grant independence to India.

Most Indian history text books about freedom struggle are dominated by Gandhiji's non-violent movements but very little is mentioned about Netaji's and INA's contribution.

1945年后也发生了同样的事情。先是海军叛变，接着空军和陆军也开始叛变。这并不是甘地非暴力运动的结果。

这是因为内塔吉·苏巴斯·钱德拉·鲍斯的功劳。他在德国组建了自由印度军，之后又带领新加坡的印度国民军为印度独立而战，英国军队中的印度士兵也开始叛变。

他们被红堡审判激怒了。甘地从来未曾设想过叛变。当时印度境内只有4万英国军队，他们渴望回到英国，没有意愿跟250万被遣散的印度士兵作战。

在这种背景下，英国这才决定把独立自由还给印度。

大多数关于自由斗争的印度历史教科书都被甘地的非暴力运动所控制，但很少提到内塔吉和印度国民军的贡献。

Mohammad Suwaar Abdullah Khan

By the time it's 1945, the British had already won their wars (World War II) using Indian soldiers, done with the looting and plundering of wealth and resources available in India, demolished the Indian economic backbone, destroyed Indian education system, shipped and locked rich Indian heritage in the British Museum, successfully introduced political divides in Indian community utilising the Muslim league, and they've already managed the assassination of Netaji Mahatma Subhash Chandra Bose.

1945年，英国人用印度士兵打赢了战争，打赢了第二次世界大战，完成了对印度财富和资源的掠夺和洗劫，摧垮了印度的经济支柱，摧毁了印度的教育体系，把印度无数的文化遗产运往大英博物馆，成功地利用联盟在印度引入政治纷争，他们暗杀了内塔吉·苏巴斯·钱德拉·鲍斯。

Thus their work in sabotaging India was almost complete, they still waited out another two years to stabilise their own economy using cheap labor force and food supply from India, pushing India to the brink of starvation.

Later when it became evidently clear that it's not possible for the British Parliament or the crown to maintain power in all the Commonwealth Nations, they device plans for dividing India in a similar fashion, that they had already used against Africa. Hence the partition of India act 1947, was passed in the British Parliament.

至此，英国基本上已完成破坏印度的工作，他们又花了两年时间来稳定自己的经济，利用印度的廉价劳动力和粮食供应，把印度推向了饥荒的深渊。

后来，当英国议会和王室已无可能在所有英联邦国家保持统治时，他们制定了分裂印度的计划，他们已经对非洲使用过使用过同样的手段了。1947年，英国议会通过了印度分治法案。

The Indian independence act 1947, was directly derived from the government of India act 1935, thus it only facilitated the “Transfer of Power” from the British Parliament to the Indian Parliament, kee the British Crown as the head of the nation, for all the Commonwealth Nations.

Thus the British had left India when they wanted, how they wanted, utilising their terms and conditions, without getting forced by the Indian National Congress (founded by Allan Octavian Hume, 1885) or Gandhi.

1947年的印度独立法案源于1935年的印度政府法案，所以只是促使英国议会向印度议会进行“权力转移”，英国王室依然还是所有英联邦国家的国家元首。

因此，英国人在满意的时间、通过满意的方式、用他们制订的条款和条件撤出了印度，并未遭受印度国民大会党（1885年由艾伦·屋大维·休谟创立）或甘地的强制处理。

Amit Phansalkar

In the history of colonialism, I don’t know if there is a single instance of a colonial power deciding to leave just like that, because suddenly they developed a moral compass or something like that. They leave when staying isn’t profitable : which with colonies typically means: either they’ve sucked them dry and now there is nothing left to loot, or more likely, the local unrest, and other external considerations are making it not worthwhile to hold on to a colony. I’d bet my money it was the latter. So yes, forced by circumstance.

在殖民 主义的历史上，我不知道有没有出现过殖民大国自愿撤出殖民地的例子，因为他们怎么可能会一夜之间突然有了道德心呢。他们在殖民地已经捞不到钱的时候，他们自然就离开了：对于殖民地来说，这通常意味着殖民地已经被吃干抹净了，无利可图了，或者更有可能因为当地的动荡以及其他外部因素令殖民者不值得继续留在殖民地。我敢打赌英国的撤出是因为后者。是的，迫于环境。

Anthony M Anderson

They were forced to leave!

The majority of the indian population wanted india to become a fully independent country. World war two, quit india movement in 1942 and the royal mutiny of 1946 put pressure on the british government.

英国人是被迫离开印度的！

大多数印度人希望印度成为一个完全独立的国家。第二次世界大战，1942年的“退出印度运动”和1946年的皇家兵变给英国政府施加了很大压力。

So the british government decided to grant india independence and they did in 1947. Therefore, lord mountbatten who was british became a governor general of the newly independent india for one year until 1948 when chakravarti, an Indian who took part in the independence movement became general governor and george VI of britain remained the monarch of india for 3 years until india became a republic within the commonwealth in 1950. Thus the title emperor or empress of india was abolished and king george vi became the first head of state of india.

India is a fully independent country and it's non aligned since then.

所以英国政府决定在1947年承认印度独立。英国人蒙巴顿勋爵成为新独立的印度总督，任期一年，直到1948年，参加过独立运动的印度人查克拉瓦蒂成为新一任总督，英国的乔治六世继续担任印度君主，三年后的1950年，印度成为英联邦国。此后印度皇帝和皇后的头衔被废除，国王乔治六世成为印度的第一任国家元首。

印度成了一个完全独立的国家，并在此后不参与结盟。

Parth Kulkarni

Both

Earlier we had to struggle to get them out.

And then they agreed to do so. In the early 40s, the procedure started.

两方面因素都有。

最初，印度人努力把英国人赶出印度国土。

后来，英国人同意撤出印度。于是在40年代早期，开始启动撤离程序。

The reasons why they agreed were:

It was getting too expensive to maintain control over such a long distance.

Pressure was at its peak from our side. We were highly triggered and wanted indipendence quickly.

They had left other countries in the region too.

They had just finished fighting WW2 and were tired. Their resources, money, people were completely exhausted fighting it.

The sun was setting on the British Empire overall.

They had almost reached bankruptcy. And their people were demanding regrowth of the country.

英国人同意的原因是：

英国维持远距离统治的成本越来越高了。

印度方面给予的压力达到了顶峰。印度人非常激动，迫切想要独立。

英国也撤离了该地区的其他国家。

英国刚打完二战，他们的资源、金钱和人力都已消耗殆尽。

整个大英帝国开始走下坡路。

英国几乎破产。英国人民要求重新建设国家。

Maulana Oraf

Implementation of Fabian socialism in England during 30s killed their colonial dreams based on doctrine of mercantilism.

Imposition of Fabian socialism meant Britain was suddenly gonna be responsible for the common minimum goods basket of 350 million people ! This is when colonization became less attractive method to govern and debt trap was becoming the new fad. Ww2 just helped England make a quicker decision to leave given their economy was in tatters hardly able to fiscally sustain a large colony like India.

30年代英国实行的费边社会主义扼杀了他们基于重商主义学说的殖民梦想。

费边社 会主义的实施意味着英国突然需要担负起3.5亿人的最低生活保证！

殖民统治这时候不再有往日的吸引力，债务陷阱成为了新的时尚。

二战只是帮助英国加速撤离印度的决策，英国的经济已经支离破碎，几乎无法在财政上维持对印度这样的大型殖民地的统治。

Vishwanath Bheed

They decided to leave India, because they were forced to, the circumstances played major role.

The world war

Azad hind fouz - it destroyed their faith on the indian army rather loosened their hope of complete control over india, as they did with and by no means they could bring the british army here! Neither their downed economy would sustain it nor the army of england could have willed it!

英国是自愿离开印度的，因为他们别无选择，当时的环境起了主要作用。

那就是世界大战

这场战争摧毁了英国对印度军队的信心，印度对英国军队的所作所为使得英国完全控制印度的希望破灭了，英国绝不可能把英国军队带到这里来！英国萎靡的经济无力维持，英格兰的军队也不愿背井离乡！

Then quit india movement and chalo delhi etc mass movwments played their roles!

So, to save their face, and to leave kee their respect ( so they thought) they decided to end their colonial rule over India.

随后的“退出印度运动”和德里运动等群众运动也发挥了很大的作用！

所以，为了挽回面子，为了维持体面(他们是这么想的)，他们决定结束对印度的殖民统治。

Chandravadan Trivedi

During WWII, Hilter had pounded Britain very heavily. Many of its officers & men in England stationed & in nearby theatres of war, were killed and maimed. After the war England had to get up from scratch. To once again build up the country England had to call back all of its men who were by now totally experienced for the future work at hand back home. Of all its colonies, independent India was the biggest - so the Britishers stationed in India were also the largest in number. So the Britishers wanted to shift these country men back home. If this was to be done, then India has to be given independence - & so India got independence.

So in essence they decided to leave India as the Britishers had no other alternative.

二战期间，德国对英国展开了猛烈的进攻。驻扎在英国和附近战区的许多官兵被杀致残。战后，英国被迫从头再来。为了重新建设国家，英国必须把所有富有经验的士兵召回国内，为重建英国做好准备。

在所有殖民地中，独立后的印度是面积最大的，所以驻扎在印度的英国人也是数量最多的。英国人想把这些人送回英国，那么必须给印度独立权——所以印度获得了独立。

所以英国决定撤离印度，是因为英国人别无选择。