How did the Qing dynasty in China last so long despite it being a Manchu monarchy in a Han Chinese dominated nation?

在以汉人为主的中国，清朝这个满族政权是如何持续那么长时间的？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Yu-Hsing Chen

They played it pretty smart, within China they mostly played it like a traditional dynasty, there was a great deal of continuation from the Ming system, unlike the Mongolian Yuan dynasty which tried to enforce more of a nomadic system on the realm. While outside of China proper they played things like a Nomadic Khanate.

他们的手段相当高明，对内他们就像传统王朝一样，延续了明朝的很多制度，不像蒙古元朝那样试图推行游牧制度。对外他们就像一个游牧国家。

One such leverage was that especially in the earlier half their military was primarily from the Manchu and Mongolian tribes as the core elite forces, so they had a lower risk of the locals rising against them.

The continuation without a hick of the imperial exam system largely ensured that the society within China proper continued to function with an acceptable degree of social mobility and stability at the same time.

在清朝前半期，他们的军队主要由满族和蒙古部落的士兵充当核心精锐部队，所以他们几乎不需要担心起义造反。

科举制度的延用在很大程度上确保了中国内部社会继续运行，提供了一定的社会流动性和稳定性。

It also helped that the Qing made a very important major improvement over the Ming system in that they changed the succession method to ensure that generally the throne is succeeded by competent adults at least until the last period of the dynasty.

It was when they started to go away from these things one by one (the Military aspect fell apart due to the Tai rebellion and the western forces showing up, the succession fell apart during the last 3 emperor who all started as child, and the imperial exam system was canceled within 5 years of the dynasty falling.)

这也有助于清朝对明朝旧制进行重大改革，他们修订了王位继承的方法，保证王位是由有能力的成年人继承，这一方法一直沿用到了清朝后期。

当他们开始一步步摒弃祖制之时(由于太平天国和西方势力的出现，清朝的军队一败涂地)，清朝最后3位皇帝都是年幼登基，科举制度在清朝灭亡5年后就被取缔了。

Hamilton Low

They had good leaders going back to Nuerhaci and Huang Taiji. Even before Kangx became an adult, the Qing court had capable leaders in the court like Dorgon, Sonin, Ebilun Mingzhu etc. Kangx, Yongzheng and Qianlong were good emperors.

从努尔哈奇和皇太极时期开始，清朝就有一批优秀的高官。早在康熙成年之前，清廷就有多尔衮、索宁、鄂比伦明珠等出色的官员。康熙、雍正和乾隆都是有为的

The last Ming emperor was overthrown by a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and not the Manchus. The great Ming general Wu Sangui defected to the Manchus after the Ming emperor committed suicide. So, you can imagine how weak China was at the time. Wrecked by corruption and rebellion. The rebellion succeeded but was wiped out by Wu Sangui and the Manchus.

明朝的末代皇帝是被李自成领导的农民起义推番的，而非被满族人推番的。明朝将军吴三桂在明朝皇帝自杀后投奔了清朝。所以，你可以想象当时中国有多弱，王朝被腐败和叛军搞得千疮百孔。农民起义成功了，但又被吴三桂和清朝消灭了。

The Qing dynasty ushered in a period of peace and stability.

Basically, the people were able to carry on with their lives and no longer felt the need to revolt.

清朝开启了一段和平稳定的历史时期。

只要百姓能够安居乐业，就不会想要造反。

Feng ian

Related

Was the Qing dynasty technically a Manchu empire?

No.

The Qing Dynasty’s system can be divided into 3 periods.

清朝严格意义上是满族人的帝国吗？

不。

清王朝可以分为三个时期。

1: The Qing Dynasty was a multilateral Empire forged by the triangle of Manchu, Han, Mongol. Manchu was responsible for the top decision makings. Han was responsible for bureaucracy and infantry. Mongol, Manchu, Han contributed to cavalry respectively.

The majority of this period was golden. Manchu, Han, Mongols firmly worked together and the Qing Dynasty massively expanded both in the North and South against Mongolian tribes, Southern indigenous rebels, Lama state, pirates. In the final stage, the invasion of the British, Russian ended this system.

1：清朝是一个由满、汉、蒙三族鼎立的帝国。满族人负责最高决策。汉族人负责官员选拔和步兵团。骑兵营中蒙古、满族、汉族都有一定比例。

这段时期是黄金时期。满族、汉族、蒙古人坚定地团结在一起，清朝在北方和南方大规模扩张，打击蒙古部落、南方土著叛军、国、海盗。最后英国、俄罗斯的入侵结束了这一切。

2: Han started to have even and bigger influence than Manchu on the top level of the hierarchy, while Manchu gradually retreated and focused mostly as the imperial rulers (Cix for instance) and useless and wasteful nobles. Locally, Manchu started to let go of the power to the Han governors and warlords such as Zuo Zongtang, Zeng Guofan, due to the external threat from the West, Japan, and Russia, as well as the internal threat from Hui rebels, Tai rebels, horse rebels.

2：汉族开始在统治集团上层拥有了比满族更大的影响力，而满族逐渐式微，主要退居帝国统治者（例如慈禧）和挥霍无用的贵族身份。在局部地区，由于受到来自西方、日本、俄国的外部威胁，以及来自回族叛军、太平天国的内部威胁，满族开始将权力移交给汉朝诸侯，如左宗棠、曾国藩等人。

This period was considered 中兴 (the mid/ re-rising/ maintaining period) because the merging Han power started to take over the power from Manchu and was able to stop the internal division and rebellion to preserve the unity of the country and the legitimacy of the Qing Dynasty, start the process of 中学为体，西学为用/Chinese education as the base while the Western education as the practice, 师夷长技已制夷/learning from the barbarians in order to check the barbarians, 洋务运动/modernization and westernization (in industrial sector mostly). The Qing Dynasty stopped or at least slowed down its decline but was in a prosper in around 20 years or so with a decent growth of GDP due to the opened border and trading policies.

这一时期被认为是清朝中兴时期(中期)，因为汉族势力同心协力从满族手中接管势力，阻止内部分裂和叛乱，维护国家的统一和清朝的合法性，开始中学为体，西学为用的过程（以中国教育为基础，以西方教育为实践），师夷长技已制夷（向蛮夷学习，以遏制蛮夷），洋务运动/现代化和西化(主要集中在工业部门)。清朝的衰败颓势暂时停止或至少减缓了，在大约20年左右的时间里，由于开放边境和贸易政策，GDP有了不错的增长。

3. The Qing Dynasty started to basically lose the direct control to the Han governors in the South, and the Han warlords in the North also largely followed the Qing Dynasty’s order on paper only. This eventually led to the end of the Qing Dynasty but the rise of the Beiyang government.

The previous 中兴 period didn’t save the Qing Dynasty because in the international background it was too late and limited. The war with Japan in Korea turned to be a disaster. The boxer rebellion and the 8 nation armies caused huge internal chaos and division in the Qing Dynasty. Eventually, all the failure broke down this Empire.

3：清朝开始基本失去对南方汉人总督的直接控制，北方的汉人军阀基本上也只是表面上服从清朝的指挥。这最终导致了清朝的灭亡，但北洋政府因此崛起。

中兴时期没能挽救清朝，因为在世界局势中，这场努力来得太迟了，作用也十分有限。清朝和日本与朝鲜的战争变成了一场灾难。义和团运动和八国联军造成了清朝内部的巨大混乱和分裂。最终，这些失败彻底瓦解了这个帝国。

Fabian Guo

Related

How long did the Qing Dynasty rule China?

The Qing Dynasty, or Manchu Dynasty technically stayed in power for 267 years, but just because you’re the ruling sovereign doesn’t mean your country has any real power.

When Qianlong died in 1796, it ended over 100 years of the Qing “golden age”. Later emperors weren’t decent, and ruled incapably, not to mention using a “Closed Door Policy”. So when the British kicked the Qing’s ass in 1841 over some opium dispute, everyone pretty much saw that China was lagging in tech and industry, including their own people.

清朝统治中国多长时间？

清朝，或者说满清，严格来说统治了267年，但清王朝的统治并不意味着它对国家有统治实权。

乾隆于1796年去世，结束了清朝长达100多年的“黄金时代”。乾隆之后的皇帝都不堪大用，统治无能，更是实行了“闭关锁国”政策。所以当英国人在1841年因为鸦片问题踢开清朝国门时，所有人都发现中国早已在科技和工业上落于人后。

The Qing Dynasty was NEARLY DESTROYED by the Taipeng Heavenly Rebellion of the 1850s. Ironically, only western intervention saved China, for about half a century. From then on Qing Dynasty was doomed.

More Chinese defeats at the hands of European powers and Japan in 1895 only worsened matters, proving that the Self Strengthening Policy was crap.

清朝差点被19世纪50年代的太平天国运动彻底摧毁。讽刺的是，在大约半个世纪的时间里，西方的介入反而拯救了中国。此后清朝已无可救药。

1895年中国对欧洲列强和日本的节节溃败令情况继续恶化，自强政策在中国行不通。

China was forced to open trade ports to foreign powers, who divided China up in Spheres of Influence.

The last straw was the Boxer Rebellion of the early 1900s.

Then the child emperor Puyi was deposed by Sun-Yatsen in 1911, you know the rest.

中国被迫向列强开放贸易口岸，列强将中国划分为各自的势力范围。

压垮清朝政府的最后一根稻草是20世纪初的义和团运动。

1911年，幼年皇帝溥仪被孙中山废黜，接下来的事情你们都知道了。

Feifei Wang

Do you think that both Manchurian and Han Chinese are responsible for the fall of the Qing dynasty, or either one ethnic group?

Nope. The fall of the Qing dynasty, and the fall of China as a great empire was on us Manchus.

Han Chinese didn’t have a lot of powers back then. They did hold positions in the government, but mostly in advisory roles. Manchus were decision-makers.

你认为满洲人和汉人都对清朝的灭亡负有责任吗？或者是其中哪个民族的责任？

清朝的灭亡，以及中国这个庞大帝国的灭亡，都是谁的责任。

当时汉人的权力并不大。他们确实在政府部门担任职务，但几乎都是顾问角色。满族人才是决策者。

And the entire Beiyang fleet was destroyed because the Manchu government didn’t give them enough funding, the Manchu soldiers didn’t train diligently. The once-feared Manchu bannermen cavalry had lost its ways. The bannermen busied themselves with opium, prostitutes, cockfighting and other decadent habits.

整个北洋舰队都被摧毁了，满清政府没有为他们提供足够的资金，满清士兵也没有刻苦训练。曾经令人畏惧的满清骑兵早已失去斗志。大臣们沉溺于鸦片、妓女、斗鸡和其他贪图享乐、声色犬马的生活。

Well, rich Han Chinese were doing pretty much the same thing, but they weren’t the ones making decisions on important state matters. So can’t blame them for that.

Then there was the stupid Boxer Rebellion thing, which made things a lot worse. So I guess both Manchu and Han Chinese need to own up to that.

But mostly it’s on us.

富裕的汉人阶层也是如此，但他们不是国家要事的决策人。所以这不能怪他们。

还有稀里糊涂的义和团运动，让局势一发不可收拾。所以我想满族和汉族都要承认这一点。

但主要还是我们的责任。

Sage

The Qing dynasty, also known as the Manchu dynasty, was able to last so long in China due to a combination of factors. One of the main reasons was their ability to maintain control over the military. The Manchus were able to create a strong and loyal military, made up mostly of Manchu and Mongol soldiers, which helped to ensure their power and control over the Han Chinese population. Additionally, the Qing dynasty also implemented policies that helped to maintain social stability, such as the use of Confucianism as the state ideology, which helped to integrate the Han Chinese population into the ruling elite. Finally, the Qing dynasty also benefited from economic growth and prosperity, which helped to maintain support from the population. All of these factors helped to ensure the longevity of the Qing dynasty in China, despite it being a Manchu monarchy in a Han Chinese dominated nation.

清朝，也被称为满清王朝，能够在中国统治这么长时间，是多种因素共同作用的结果。其中一个主要原因是他们有能力保持对军队的控制。满族人组建了一支强大而忠诚的军队，主要由满族和蒙古士兵组成，这支军队确保了满族的统治和对汉族的控制。此外，清朝还实施了一系列有助于维持社会稳定的政策，例如将儒家思想作为国家意识形态，这有助于将汉人拉拢进统治精英阶层。最后，清朝实现了经济的增长和繁荣，这有助于维护人民对其统治的支持。所有这些因素都使得清朝在中国实现了长期统治，尽管它确实是一个在以汉族为主导地位的国家产生的满族皇权。