How can India aspire to superpower status when other nations do not want to receive Indian rupees in payment for their exports, such as Russia for its oil and gas sales to India?

其他国家都不想用印度卢比进行出口结算（如俄罗斯向印度出售石油和天然气），印度怎么可能成为超级大国呢？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Ivan Novoselov

Ok, I’ll talk about specific Russian example.

Russia does not mind getting Indian rupees in payment for its exports. However, Russia does not need those rupees at home. So, Russia has to use those rupees to buy Indian products or to invest in Indian economy.

This process is complicated because of certain Indian laws. Simply speaking, Russia has problems with investing Russian rupees in India because of legislative obstacles. It is possible but requires too much bureaucractic hassle and special approval.

现在我们具体说说俄罗斯的例子。

俄罗斯并不介意用印度卢比来进行出口结算。但是俄罗斯国内并不需要这些卢比。所以俄罗斯必须用这些卢比购买印度商品或投资印度经济。

而印度的法律把这个过程变得非常复杂。简单地说，因为法律方面的障碍，俄罗斯很难用手中的印度卢比投资印度。这种投资不是完全没可能，但会牵涉太多官僚主义关卡和特别审批等程序。

This kind of legislation might be necessary to defend Indian economy from takeover by Western or Chinese capitals. However, situation with Russia is different. Russian economy is not (much) stronger than Indian economy and there is no real way Russia can take over Indian economy.

这种立法可以保护印度经济不被西方或中国资本接管，确实有存在的意义。但对于印度和俄罗斯又有不同。俄罗斯经济并不比印度经济强多少，俄罗斯无法控制印度经济。

With regard to this question -

所以针对这个问题-

1) India is already a superpower, like it or not.

2) India cannot aspire to raise its superpower status if its economy gets under control of third parties, be it the West or China.

1) 不管你承不承认，印度都已经是超级大国了。

2) 如果印度经济被西方或中国等第三方控制，印度就不可能提高其超级大国的地位了。

3) India needs mechanisms to control foreign investments other than fully restricting those investments. India needs legislative distinction of beneficial and non-beneficial investments. It is not an easy thing and not something done overnight.

4) The rupee issue can be solved with introduction of BRICS currency. It’s still a long way to go, took decades to introduce EUR. Yet, BRICS can learn on the lessons. India can become “France” in BRICS (with China being “Germany”).

3) 印度需要控制外国投资的机制，不能完全限制外国投资。印度需要在立法上区分有益和无益投资。这并非易事，也不是能够一蹴而就的。

4) 卢比的问题可以通过引入金砖国家货币来解决。这需要长时间的准备，欧元也花了几十年时间才真正落地。金砖国家可以从中吸取教训。印度有希望成为金砖国家中的“法国”(中国是“德国”)。

Wesley Little

The status of the Indian rupee is not the only factor in being, or not being, a super power! Given India's obvious citizen's intellectual potential, their nation is moving steadily toward becoming a super power. If India can ever move past its old cast system and broadly expand its universal education system, it will only grow in global influence!

印度卢比的地位并不是决定印度能否成为超级大国的唯一因素！印度公民的聪明才智让印度稳步走向超级大国。如果印度能够摒弃过时的种姓制度，普及教育体系，印度的全球影响力指日可待！

Albert Dye

The problem is India is trying to sit on the fence. They are basically following US sanctions on goods that Russia wants, therefore India has very little that it can give in return for Russian oil, military equipment, etc.

This forces Russia to request payment in another currency in order to obtain these goods from elsewhere.

问题在于印度现在就是颗墙头草。他们跟随美国针对俄罗斯的商品制裁政策，所以印度几乎没有商品可以换取俄罗斯的石油、军火等。

俄罗斯被迫要求用其他货币进行结算，方便俄罗斯向其他国家购买所需商品。

As long as India leans on the West it will appear totally hamstrung by them.

A superpower doesn't seek permission from anyone — currently there is only two superpowers in the world.

India, and China are still both reluctant to break their bonds to the West. In truth it will be very painful for them, but unfortunately they cannot be a superpower by being nice.

只要印度一日依赖西方，就只能被西方挟制一日。

超级大国绝不需要获得别人的许可——目前全世界只有两个超级大国。

印度和中国不愿与西方断绝关系。事实上，这对两国来说都很难，但他们不可能凭借待人友善而成为超级大国。

Siva Kumar Bachoti

Related

Why is Russia seeking oil payments from India in dirhams?

为什么俄罗斯要求印度以迪拉姆支付石油?

It is true Russia is demanding oil payment in UAE dirhams, a couple of Indian buyers have already paid so. The cost is computed in USD but payment is taken in equivalent UAE dirham sum. If Russia does this with India, it is doing with other buyers too.

If you recall, a few months ago, Russia projected Chinese Yen as that intermediary currency. Likely, Russia now sees dirham as a better bet because the Gulf oil countries are flush with USD. When Russia’s clients queue up at UAE for example, the dirham becomes a hot currency and its value appreciates with respect to USD.

俄罗斯要求以阿联酋迪拉姆支付石油款是真事，部分印度买家已经支付了。费用以美元计算，但要以等值阿联酋迪拉姆来支付。如果俄罗斯要求印度这么支付，也会对其他买家提出同样的要求。

也许你还有印象，几个月前俄罗斯将人民币作为中间货币。也许俄罗斯现在认为迪拉姆是个更好的选择，因为海湾石油国家拥有大量美元。例如，当俄罗斯的客户排队购入阿联酋迪拉姆时，迪拉姆就会成为热门货币，开始对美元升值。

The joke is, when USA herself wants to buy some more of Russian oil, it will be forced to buy dirham! I can’t imagine a bigger insult to American ego!

Why Russia does that? There are reasons. A tit for tat for US sanctions. A response to USA/West ejecting Russia out of Western payment networks like SWIFT. The most important reason is, “If they throw me out of dollar businesses, well, I will boycott the dollar itself”.

如果美国自己也想进口更多俄罗斯石油，那就要闹笑话了，美国也会被迫购入迪拉姆！我无法想象，还有比这更能侮辱美国人自尊心的事吗？

为什么俄罗斯要这么做呢？原因有很多。这是对美国制裁的一种报复。这是对美国和西方将俄罗斯逐出SWIFT等西方支付系统的反击。最重要的原因是，“如果他们把我赶出以美元结算的贸易世界，那么，我就抵制美元本身”。

This means, Russia, using its leverage & dominance as energy supplier, is trying to dislodge the USD from its status is default international transactional currency.

Russia is part of OPEC+ group. Thanks to this membership, Russia has a leverage in the region because it is not a buyer like the USA, it is a seller.

这意味着，俄罗斯正在利用其作为能源供应商的影响力和主导地位，颠覆美元在国际贸易默认货币的地位。

俄罗斯是欧佩克集团的一部分。因为这个成员国的身份，俄罗斯在该地区也拥有了影响力，因为俄罗斯是石油出口国，而非美国那样的买家。

Gulf countries don’t have any love lost for the USA, they are simmering with anger really. You just see how the Saudi prince openly snubbed Biden. Biden, who once refused to talk the to Saudis, who called SA a ‘pariah’ state, is now sitting in Riyadh. You can imagine the damage to USA’s prestige. Also, UAE is openly supportive of Russia aggression on Ukraine.

海湾国家对美国没有任何好感，他们积攒了满腔怒火。沙特王子就公开冷落拜登。拜登曾拒绝与沙特对话，现在他又低声下气地飞到利雅得求和。这实在有损美国的声望。此外，阿联酋还公开支持俄罗斯出兵乌克兰。

The Gulf has many internal long-standing frictions and USA has always had shifting loyalties. For example, when USA sanctioned & (ineffectually) isolated Iran, its traditional enemy SA was glad. Now, the same USA is loving Iran just for its oil. How do you this will go down with the Saudis?

海湾地区有许多长期的内部矛盾，而美国的态度一变再变。例如，美国制裁并（无效地）孤立伊朗时，伊朗的传统敌人沙特阿拉伯就很开心。现在，美国因为伊朗的石油又对伊朗温柔小意起来，你觉得沙特人会怎么想？

on Diplomacy & Warfare

India's not a particularly developed nation but it is a large country and has a large economy and many intelligent decently educated people just because of how populous it is and the fact that its government does do things for its population and has sovereignty unlike other develo countries. I've actually noticed that India is not that far behind technologically speaking, they have a few super advanced factories and tech hubs that are globally competitive but the country's enormous potential itself has not been realized. It seems to be more of an issue of massively insufficient industrialization across the country so that the productivity level is low and there's not a large enough wealthy consumer market and highly productive labor force that would make up that same consumer market that has wealth to spend.

印度不是一个特别发达的国家，但它也算是一个大国，有着庞大的经济体，有许多受过良好教育的聪明人。

因为印度人口数量庞大，印度政府也肯为民众做实事，印度有主权，和其他发展中国家不同。

事实上，我发现印度在科技上不算落后，他们也有一些超级先进的工厂和科技中心，在全世界都具有竞争力，但印度自身的巨大潜力尚未实现。

印度存在工业化程度严重不足的问题，所以生产力水平低下，没有大规模的高端消费市场，也没有生产力水平较高的劳动人口来填补消费市场。

The first order of priority should be to further develop the resource processing and energy industries: steel mills, petroleum refining industries, solar power, nuclear energy, wind power and find reliable and not too far suppliers: Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Australia, New Zealand.

印度的第一要务应该是进一步发展资源加工和能源工业：钢铁厂、炼油厂、太阳能、核能、风能，寻找可靠、邻近的供应商：比如俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、澳大利亚、新西兰等国。

India can also invite engineers from the US, UK, EU, and these countries to help them with this process as well. In fact India's already going through with many of these steps but maybe just not fast enough.

印度也可以邀请美国、英国、欧盟和这些国家的工程师来帮助他们完成这个过程。事实上，印度已经落实了其中一些措施，但可能效率还不够高。

India should also implement import substitution and as it builds up the required industry to produce the materials for these products, it should begin to completely make its products components at home from every last screw to every chip rather than just assemble with parts made in China or elsewhere.

印度也要实施进口替代的政策，建立商品所需原材料的加工工业。印度应该在国内实现从每一个螺丝到每一个芯片，所有零部件的百分百国产化，不要继续使用中国或其他地方生产的零部件进行组装。

India can initially attract foreign businesses with the prospect of cheaper labor to exploit but without develo the resource processing, energy, semi-finished goods industries all of which are necessary to make final usable products the Indian consumer would buy and use, India's not going to be a manufacturing powerhouse anytime soon as it needs its own strong domestic market which it has the potential to develop once it proceeds with those three objectives since relying on just being an offshore sweatshop reliant on exports and only competitive because of its cheap labor costs hasn't worked out to India's benefit.

印度可以先引入外国企业，利用较为廉价的本土劳动力。但如果不发展资源加工、能源和半成品行业—这些都是制造印度消费者购买和使用的最终成品所必需的生产环节—印度就无法在短期成为制造业大国，因为印度需要属于自己的庞大的国内市场，一旦实现这三个目标，印度国内市场就有发展的潜力了。仅仅依靠提供海外血汗工厂和廉价劳动力成本，这种竞争力对印度没有多少好处。

To be fair, India's trying, but at what speed?

公平地说，印度确实也在努力，但效果如何呢？

on Diplomacy & Warfare

All currency is based on the US$. Everything is quoted in terms of a constant US$s. The value of a rupee may be X today but X(.75) next week. The US$ is the constant because USA has been a prosperous industrial county for 150 years. No other country even comes close. Think of China 50 years ago. India has decent domestic economy but little presence in international trade. If an Indian wanted a robotic assembly line I’d asked US $ 24 million in 12 months. I cannot risk quoting in rupees because I need precision US machining, ICs from South Korea, laser components from Germany, some software from England and assembly in Mexco - and I borrowed money from a Canadian bank.

所有货币均以美元为基础货币。所有汇率报价均以恒定的美元计价。卢比的价值今天可能是X，下周可能是X(0.75)，而美元是不变的，因为美国150年来一直是一个繁荣的工业国家。

没有其他国家能与之相提并论。想想50年前的中国吧。印度的国内经济不错，但在国际贸易中几乎没有什么存在感。

如果印度人想要一条机器人装配线，我会在12个月内收取2400万美元。我不敢用卢比报价，我需要美国的精密加工、韩国的集成电路、德国的激光组件、英国的软件，以及墨西哥的组装——我还向加拿大的银行借了钱。

On delivery my Indian customer will pay quarterly and I need a constant base to pay off other countries. Others may say the US $ is overvalued but USA had no control over international expectations. A high dollar makes US products more expensive and imports cheaper. That favours countries who sell to America.

交货后，我的印度客户要按季度付款，所以我需要一个固定的基数来支付其他国家的相关费用。其他人可能会说，美元被高估了，但美国无法控制国际社会的预期。高价美元推高美国产品的价格，降低进口产品的价格。这有利于那些向美国出口商品的国家。

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