为什么越南看起来比印度现代化和发达得多

Why does Vietnam look much more modern and developed than India?

为什么越南看起来比印度现代化和发达得多？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Suresh Kumar

Having worked in Vietnam for 6 years (Hanoi and Binh Duong ) and having travelled different part of Vietnam and India, I think, I am eligible to answer this. Vietnam has a definite infrastructure and more FDI’s than in India and the unemployment rate is very low. Industrialists are looking for provinces, where availability of labour is more, which is just opposite to India. In VSIP alone there are employees around 4000- 5000 are working in a Single Factory, which is rare in India. With the current scenario of trade war between US and China, most of the investment will be diverted to Vietnam than to India. Saigon Climate is just like Kerala, where as Hanoi Climate is like Delhi. Rural areas are same like Northern Village area. Vietnamese people enjoy more freedom and better standard of life than Indians generally.

我在越南工作了6年(河内和平阳)，去过越南和印度不少地方，我想我有资格回答这个问题。越南有不错的基础设施，也有比印度更充足的外国直接投资，失业率非常低。

越南的实业家们不断物色劳动力更丰富的省份，这与印度正好相反。越南工业园内一家企业就能招募到4000- 5000名员工，这在印度实属罕见。

在目前中美贸易战的背景下，大部分外商投资会被转移到越南，而非印度。

西贡的气候和喀拉拉邦十分相似，河内的气候也和德里十分相似。

农村地区和北部村庄地区没有两样。越南人民的生活比印度人更为自由，更加富裕。

Apoorv Jain

Why did Vietnam develop better than India while they started opening at nearly the same time?

One line answer: Due to the sensible analysis of it's leaders of various economic models.

为什么两国几乎同时开放，但越南比印度发展得更好？

一句话回答：因为越南领导人对各种经济模式进行了合理的分析。

Le Duan, CPV General Secretary from 1960 to 1986, was very critical of economic models taught by the Soviet Union and for chronic economic malaise and blunders, although despite some innovative thinking Le Duan himself was a strong opponent of market economy and much of his policy turned out counter-productive.

But even being a socialist ideologically, he was well aware of the crisis which stalinism had brought to and to china

黎笋在1960年至1986年期间担任越共党中央总书记，对苏联传授的经济模式提出了强烈批评，尽管他本人有一些创新的想法，但他本人是市场经济的强烈反对者，他的许多政策最终适得其反。

但即便他支持社会主义，他还是清醒地看到了苏联的潜伏危机

After the death of Le Duan, Truong Chinh, a high-ranked politburo member and who would then briefly serve as CPV General Secretary (July-December 1986), was another highly influential leader and “the one who laid down the first brick for the House of Reform of Vietnam,” by launching the program of extensive reforms during the 1986.

As Truong Chinh stepped down, Nguyen Van Linh, CPV General Secretary 1987-91, continued to bring concepts of reforms to the nation’s economic life through a nationwide reform program with swee changes.

黎笋去世后，曾短暂担任越共总书记(1986年7月至12月)的高级政治局委员长征是另一位极具影响力的领导人，他在1986年启动了一系列改革计划，是“为越南改革之家铺下第一块砖的人”。

长征卸任后，1987年至1991年担任越共总书记的阮文灵继续通过全国性全面改革计划，将改革理念带入国家经济生活。

The old-fashioned centrally-planned economy was replaced with socialist market mechanism, which promoted the concept of a multi-sectoral economy, open-door policies towards international trade and investment, and recognized private property rights

The new Law on Foreign Investment initiated in 1987 enabled a surge of the first wave of foreign direct investments (FDI) flowing into Vietnam, which then reached 10% of GDP in 1994.

This picture shows the amount of FDI inflows in both the countries during the past two decades:

中央计划经济被社会主义市场机制所取代，这种机制促进了跨部门经济合作的概念，对国际贸易和投资实行开放政策，并承认私有财产。

1987年颁布的新《外国投资法》大大刺激了流入越南的第一波外国直接投资，1994年达到了GDP的10%。

这张图反映了过去二十年来这两个国家的外国直接投资流入量：

But this picture tells something else, FDI inflows were more in India during same period. So, how come India can be less developed?

I would suggest you now to read this carefully now: Vietnam was the largest FDI recipient among develo countries and economies in transition in proportion to the size of its economy thanks to its “macroeconomic stabilization resulting from Doi Moi (Open door) policy and investor expectations of continuing reforms and improvements in the general investment climate” .

You see, FDI inflows were the best in Vietnam in proportion of it's GDP. Check this image now:

但这张图也说明了其他一些事情：同一时期流入印度的外国直接投资更多。那么，为什么印度会落后？

我建议你现在仔细阅读以下内容：越南是发展中国家和转型经济体中最大的外国直接投资接受国，与自身经济规模相称，这个成果要归功于“门户开放政策带来的宏观经济稳定以及投资者对继续改革和改善总体投资环境的期望”。

在众多国家中，流入越南的外国直接投资占GDP的比例是最好的。看看这张图片：

Doi Moi momentum was retained for almost two decades with political consensus over three major principles:

越南经济改革运动持续了近二十年，在三个主要原则上达成了政治共识：

Political stability is a prerequisite of economic development, and the CPV remains to be the unique power;

To achieve economic goals, Vietnam must keep its door open to foreign trade and investment; and,

Gradualism is preferred to avoid ‘deviation from the socialist path’.

政治稳定是经济发展的前提，越南仍然是唯一的政权；

为了实现经济目标，越南必须向外国贸易和投资敞开大门；而且,

渐进主义是避免“偏离社会主义道路”的最优选择。

This helped Vietnam to get the trust of foreign investors in it's hold. Being a s country, it could kept it's policy stable during all this time asd continued to attract investors for long.

If you see at the growth rate of both countries during the period, they seems to be more or less the same during all along with one or the other outpacing each other for at some points :

这有助于越南获得外国投资者的信任。作为一个国家，越南可以在长时间内保持政策稳定并长期吸引投资者。

如果你对比一下两国在这段时间内的增长率，在所有时间内似乎都差不多，在某些时点双方交替超过对方：

But due to small size, less population and requirements, developmental changes are a bit more perceptible in Vietnam as compared to India.

但由于国土面积小，人口少，需求低，越南的发展变化比印度更明显。

Michael Kim

Which is more developed, India or Vietnam?

哪个国家更发达，印度还是越南？

India? It's a fact that most Indians are native English speakers who can give impact on the reputation of India, especially on the Web. I am not on either side. But I'd like to raise some of vietnamese voices on behalf of them because I've been there. (yes. I have both Indian and vietnamese friends from whom I receive how it is to be in their countries.)

印度？事实是大多数印度人都把英语当做母语，可以对印度的声誉产生影响，尤其是在网络上。我谁也不支持。但我想代表越南人发声说点什么，因为我去过越南。(是的，我有印度朋友，也有越南朋友，从他们那里我了解到他们各自在国内的生活情况)

1. Water

Recently, I've seen TED talks from a good Indian guy who wanted to give stable water supplies to the poor. It was a great talk, and he was respected.

I want to emphasize this because water is big part of the healthy living. I'm not saying the water in Hanoi is particularly clean, but it seems tap water + power is supplied to every household. (which means, boiling water is possible) India, also the same. But it seems that indian land is too big to supply and put water pipes all over the country. Perhaps, water pipe business is going to be a promising business in India.

1. 水

最近，我看过一个印度人的TED演讲，他想为穷人提供稳定的水资源。那是一个很棒的演讲，他很受尊敬。

我想强调这一点，是因为水是健康生活的重要组成部分。我的意思不是说河内的水就很干净，但似乎家家户户都有自来水和电力供应。

印度也是一样。但印度太大了，无法在全国范围内完全供应、铺设水管。所以印度的水管业务可能大有前途。

2. Industry

However, car, spacecraft, software industries..etc.. India is more industrialized. Vietnam, on the other hands, is less industrialized because there is no need.

2. 行业

不过在汽车、航天器、软件等行业……印度的工业化程度更高。另一方面，越南的工业化程度较低，因为没有需求。

3. People

Vietnamese are happier than Indians.

3.人

越南人比印度人更幸福。

4. Development

Both countries have grear culture and people.

It's really pointless to compare these two countries and feel happy or down, because without these comparison, smart people know what to do to make themselves happy.

4. 发展

两国都有伟大的文化和人民。

在这两个国家中比较来比较去，患得患失，这样做是没有意义的，因为如果没有这种比较，聪明的人都知道该怎么让自己快乐。

Robert Charles Lee

Why is Vietnam doing better than India?

为什么越南比印度更优秀？

I think Vietnam seems to be doing better than India mainly because most projects don't seem to run into the kind of deadweight inertia of bureaucracy that characterise or typify India. So projects in Vietnam seem to move along relatively quicker there than the similar in India.

The way I understand it, the statistics are still in India's favour overall. Then again, those statistics may be a little misleading too. Notwithstanding the technical definitions, India has never had a closed economy (even though it might not necessarily have an 'open' one from time to time). India has always traded with the rest of the world, problematic it may have been from time to time in the past.

我认为越南比印度做得好，主要是因为越南好像没有遇到印度独有的官僚主义的无谓惰性。所以越南的工程项目似乎都比印度的项目进展更快。

在我的理解中，统计数据还是对印度有利的。不过，这些统计数据也可能有点误导性，但印度从来就不是一个封闭的经济体（尽管它可能不一定总是保持“开放”）。

By contrast, Vietnam was closed off practically completely from 1975 until actual economic liberalisation came in the mid-1990s and really got moving in the early 2000s.

But like the others have highlighted, Vietnam is a rather homogeneous society and has a centralised way of governance, both of which helps considerably. India is a highly heterogeneous society by history and culture and the state is nowhere as centralised as it bills itself, so India has a much steeper uphill to get things done.

So far, that's the picture that appears to me about both countries. So far, both countries are trying to do the right thing and move in the right direction.

越南从1975年开始几乎完全封闭，直到20世纪90年代中期才真正实现经济自由，并在21世纪初真正开始行动。

但就像其他国家所强调的那样，越南是一个同质化社会，拥有中央的治理方式，这两个因素都有很大好处。

从历史和文化的角度来看，印度是一个高度多元化的社会，而且印度的中央程度远不如标榜的那么高，所以印度要想把事情做好，难度要大得多。

以上就是我对这两个国家的印象。到目前为止，两国都在努力做正确的事情，朝着正确的方向前进。

Tim Copper

Vietnam developed then India in per capita income,less poor rich gap,Good infrastructure, better city planning, better transport, better health care,better edcation,cleanness and better social etc.

In India high poverty ,high inequality, dirty,shortage of water,shortage of power, bad infrastructure, bad city planning then Vietnam.

Vietnam people more edcated, civilized, mature and modern thinking then Indian people.

India stuck in religious, caste and old traditional but Vietnam not.

越南在人均收入、贫富差距、基础设施、城市规划、交通、医疗保健、教育、整洁度和社会等方面都比印度更加发达。

印度高度贫困、高度不平等、环境脏乱、缺水缺电、基础设施差、城市规划差。

越南人在受教育水平、文明程度、成熟理智和现代思想这些方面都优于印度人。

印度受困于宗教、种姓和旧传统，但越南没有。

Daniel Weber

India is a huge country with a huge population Vietnam is far better off spreading proportional wealth through the country and population. infrastructure at least now (Oct 2019) India has way more modern airports, metro systems, even trains. I agree that overall socialism has made Vietnam way more livable than India but the Vietnamese govt hasn’t been very good at planning and building huge infrastructure projects. The Indian govt has actually become pretty good at that in the last 10 years. Vietnam still haven’t finished the first line of the HCMC metro, and there still isn’t a national highway north to south whereas India has built tons of highway the last ten years. I also think India hugely benefits from having tons of English speaking STEM graduates whereas English proficiency and university education quality in Vietnam is lacking even though people are insanely educated focused just as in India

印度是一个人口众多的大国，越南在人均财富分配上要好得多。印度有更现代化的机场、地铁和火车。

我也认为社会主义使越南比印度更宜居，但越南政府不擅长规划和建设大型基础设施项目。

在过去的10年里，印度政府在这方面做得更好。

印度在过去十年里建成了大量的高速公路。

我还认为，印度拥有大量英语能力强的STEM毕业生，受益匪浅，但越南的英语水平和大学教育质量却不尽如人意。