Why does India lag behind China in modern warfare methods, despite having a large defense budget?

为什么印度拥有庞大的国防预算，却在现代战争方面落后于中国？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Arihant Sharma

I once got a chance to travel with a Retired Brigadier from Chandi garh to Delhi, by train. I asked him a similar question : Where do we stand against China?

What he said was, that these days, wars are not fought in the fields. Nor just in air or water either. Doesn't mean that Army, Air Force and Navy are not required. He said, these carriers, missiles, jets, tanks - all are great for intimidation. But you don't want to be using them.

我曾和一位退休准将从昌迪加尔乘火车去德里。我问了他一个这样的问题：我们和中国比如何？

他说现在战争已经不在战场上了，也不在空中和海上。不过这并不意味着不需要陆军、空军和海军。他说航母、导弹、喷气式飞机、坦克——都是恐吓对手的好工具，但你不会想用它们的。

The cyber capabilities of a country hold much more in today's scenario. Just imagine, if you could hack into a country's banks, share markets or defense databases. You can cripple the country without firing a single missile.

That's one of the reasons China is so closed about its internet. Also, they keep displaying their prowess by hacking into the government networks of USA.

如今，一个国家的网络能力要更加重要。想象一下，如果你能侵入一个国家的银行、股票市场或国防数据库。这样你压根都不用发射导弹，就能摧毁这个国家。

这也是他们严格封锁互联网的原因之一。此外，他们还入侵美国政府网络，展示了他们的网络实力。

So that is one area we need to keep an eye on. I feel there should be a bigger emphasis from the government's side to prepare a cyber army (which they must already be doing). Would be even better if we can make use of the large Indian IT workforce in this regard. We have the talent.

所以这是我们印度必须关注的一个领域。我觉得政府应该多加重视，筹建一支网络军队(他们肯定已经开始这么做了)。如果我们能利用印度庞大的IT劳动力，那就更好了。我们有人才。

Gururag Kalanidhi

While your question seems legitimate, your fears are overrated. India's defense budget pales in comparison to that of China's and also, its armed forces are on an average twice as small as that of China's. But, this necessarily doesn't mean that India will lose a war against China.

I'll answer this question with logic and not with military jargon.

India's relatively is safe from any potential Chinese strategy

虽然你的问题似乎合理，但你的担心实在有些多余。印度的国防预算和中国比只能说相形见绌，而且其武装部队平均规模是中国的二分之一。但这并不意味着印度必输无疑。

我尽量不用军事术语，而是用逻辑推论来回答这个问题。

相对而言，印度很安全，不会受到中国任何战略的影响。

How?

Warfare is not exactly one-on-one combat where the sheer volume of numbers might place you on the better side. It is more about understanding threat scenarios, analyzing them, and addressing them with strategies. This, India has been doing on a more than satisfactorily level.

怎么说？

战争并不是绝对的一对一单打独斗，一对一时，数量占优势可能就会让你处于优势一方。战争更多的是如何摸清紧急局面，进行分析，并用战术解决问题。在这方面，印度的表现一贯令人满意。

Why?

Wars between two countries generally are not fought for people or ideologies, but for real estate. A country's defense strategy is centered around ensuring security of real estate. This is one of the main reasons why the Indian Army maintains a presence at the world's highest battlefield- The Siachen Glacier.

这是为什么？

两国之间的战争通常不是为人民或意识形态而战，而是为土地而战。一个国家的国防战略就是围绕着国土安全。这也正是印度军队在世界海拔最高的战场——锡亚琴冰川上驻扎的主要原因之一。

So, when we concur India does not have a good defense budget or a improper management of defense spending, we are essentially overlooking several important factors and ideas behind thoughts.

The Indian armed forces were not created to safeguard the Indian masses, but the Indian Landmass. The same holds true for any Armed force. I am not talking about the patriotism or nationalism, but the logic behind the creation of any armed force in any part of the history.

所以，如果我们认为印度没有充足的国防预算或国防开支管理不当，那么我们就忽略了几个重要的因素和背后的逻辑。

印度的军队不是为了保护印度人民，而是为了保护印度大陆。任何武装部队都是如此。我这里说的不是爱国主义或民族主义，而是历史上任何时期任何武装力量组建背后的逻辑。

Armed forces are essentially created to ensure the security of the Borders and have offensive capabilities against transgressors. However, this overtime has evolved into Defensive and Strategic capabilities. The capabilities of a nation's armed force has come to reflect its pride.

On this logic, do we have enough warriors and weapons to protect our motherland?

I'd say more or less, YES.

How?

Compare both the Chinese and the Indian Landmass and their relative weakpoints.

武装部队的组建基本上都是为了确保边境的安全，可以对入侵者发起进攻。但随着时间的演变，已经变成国防和战略能力。一个国家武装力量的能力反映了国家尊严。

按照这个逻辑，我们有足够的战士和武器来保卫我们的祖国吗？

我想说，或多或少，有的。

怎么说？

对比一下中国和印度大陆及各自的相对弱点。 

 India is the 7th largest country at 2.8 million Sq km by landmass while China is the 3rd largest at 9 million sq km.

China essentially has more landmass to defend than India, close to 3 times more landmass.

So, it essentially has to pool in thrice the amount what India spends to manage its area.

India's defense budget at $40 billion is actually 4 times smaller than that of China's at ~$160 billion.

印度是世界第七大国家，国土面积280万平方公里，而中国是第三大国家，国土面积960万平方公里。

中国需要防守的陆地面积比印度大，接近印度的3倍。

因此，中国在国防方面的实际投入也需要达到印度的三倍。

印度400亿美元的国防预算比中国1600亿美元的国防预算少了4倍。

When this is the case, how would you expect parity in the capabilities? Not quite possible.

so, should we increase our defense budget to match China's?

A big No. We need the budget money only to defend ourself and our landmass. A few more billion dollars to increase our retaliatory capabilities may be justified. But, increasing it to meet China's 160 bn would be completely unjustifiable and would actually be seen as an act of provocation by our neighbors (excluding Pakistan who'd view it as a provocation anyways)...

在这种背景下，您觉得两国在国防能力上能势均力敌吗？不太可能。

所以，我们该不该增加国防预算来追赶中国？

当然不。我们只需要足够保卫我们自己和领土的预算资金就够了。在现有基础上增加几十亿美元来增强我们的反攻能力或许合理。但要增加到和中国一样多的军费，绝对不合理，我们的邻国还会将此举视为挑衅(除巴基斯坦外，无论我们做什么，巴基斯坦都当成挑衅)…

This not withstanding, India's current capabilities are by themselves deterrent enough for any country to sights their sights upon. Upwards of a 600 fighter aircraft, a hundred warships, close to 4000 tanks and a 1 million-strong army (which incidentally is the 2nd largest standing army in the world), India is one of the better defended countries in the world. The icing on the cake is the skill and valor displayed by our warriors. Even our paramilitary forces and reserve forces display depth in numbers and operational experience. In terms of conventional warfare, India can not be pushed over so easily.

印度目前的作战能力已经足以威慑任何国家了。印度拥有超过600架战斗机，100艘军舰，近4000辆坦克和100万军队(顺便提一下，印度拥有世界上第二大常备军)，印度是全球防御能力较强的国家。更值得称颂的是印度士兵的作战技术和英勇无畏。就连我们的准军事部队和预备役部队在人数和作战经验上也很出色。对于常规战争，印度不是一个好对付的对手。

With such depth in our capabilities, it would be suicidal for not just China but any country to wage a war on us. Because, any conventional warfare with India would turn into a war of attrition, one that even the US may not want as it would drain the resources significantly and would result in deep economic crisis for both the warring nations.

我们的作战能力太强大了，中国和其他任何国家对印度发动战争都只会是自杀行为。对印度展开常规战争，只会变成消耗战。即便强如美国也可能不想惹印度，因为会消耗大量资源，导致两个交战国陷入严重的经济危机。

SivaBalan Kumaravel

The main reason is the level of import!!!

The first reason is that DRDO didn't deliver as intended. In areas where there is total import ban in place like missile tech they did an tremendous job but in areas where defense products can be bought from overseas, they didn't deliver as intended to develop our own Indian tech. This is evident in most of the Indian PSUs mostly assembles sophisticated equipments. SU-30 MKI is an prime example. Although HAL is telling it localized a major portion of the production that's still up for debate.

主要原因是进口水平！！

第一个原因是印度国防研究与发展组织没能按期交付武器军备。在导弹技术等全面禁止进口的领域，印度国防研究与发展组织做了巨大的努力，但在可从海外购买的国防产品领域，他们没能按期交付印度自己的技术研究。大多数印度企业主要从事的都是组装复杂设备的工作。SU-30mki就是一个很好的例子。尽管印度斯坦航空公司说它已经完成多数部件的国产化，但事实如何尚存争议。

Second DRDO must be tasked on only a handful of hi-techs instead of spreading its energy in to irrelevant and less sophisticated areas.

Indian armed forces should made priority to buy Indian produced equipment(preferably also Indian developed) and should help the Indian production agencies to refine them.Also Indian defense PSUs should not think that armed forces are there captive customers and they don't have any other way. This is the main reason the quality didn't improve and our forces turned outside for imported equipment.

第二，印度国防研究与发展组织必须集中精力攻克少数几项高科技装备，不要把精力分散到不相关和较简单的领域。

印度军队应该优先购买印度的国产装备(最好能是印度研发的)，应该帮助印度的军工厂改进武器设计。此外，印度军工企业也不能把部队当做待宰的羔羊。这正是国产武器质量难以提高，迫使印度军队转而采购进口武器的主要原因。

Indian Navy is a good example of making use of Indian products.now all the ships and sub's under construction for navy are happening inside India although they use foreign assistance and components but its reducing!

If we buy a min of 80% Indian manufactured defense equipment and rest imported even with the present budget we can be pose a creditable defense as well as offensive capabilities. No country in the world can relies on 100% localization of defense equipment. Ex China still importing from Russia,US buying equipment from European companies,Russia buys from France.

印度海军是采用印度国产装备的绝佳例子。现在所有正在建造的海军舰艇和潜艇都是在印度境内建造的，虽然他们也需要外国的援助和零部件，但数量已经慢慢减少！

如果我们购买至少80%的国产装备，剩下的依靠进口，那么即使在目前的预算下，我们也可以组织可靠的防御和进攻能力。世界上没有哪个国家能够100%实现国防装备的国产化。中国至今还需要从俄罗斯进口装备，美国也会从欧洲公司采购装备，俄罗斯也会向法国订购。

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

What do China and India think of each other’s current military technology?

Each Country follows the other countrys Military arsenal and acquisitions meticulously.

China has its own military industry and manufactures almost 95% of its own Military Hardware and Weaponry from Grade E Munitions to the Chengdu J 20.

India imports 80% of its components and advanced weaponry and assembles 20% of its Grade E Munitions to LCAs to Battle Tanks

中国和印度如何看待对方目前的军事技术？

每个国家都密切关注其他国家的军火储备和采购动向。

中国有自己的军工厂，可以自行制造从E级武器到歼20等几乎95%的军事硬件和武器。

而印度进口了80%的零部件和先进武器，组装20%的E级武器、光辉战斗机和主战坦克。

Both countries are Nuclear Capable and have Triad Ability.

There is a very small difference

While China loves demonstrating its planes and weapons to the Free World at various air shows or Military Show outs - China almost never talks about Military Strategy and unless you have a highly placed spy in the Chinese camp - you can be assured they can keep their secrets.

中国和印度都拥有核能力和三位一体能力。

两国的差别非常小。

虽然中国喜欢在各种航展或军事表演中展示国产飞机和武器，但中国对军事战略几乎绝口不提，除非你能在中国军方物色到高级间谍，否则你可以相信他们能够守得住秘密。

India loves talking about or latest strategy to the Journalists and the Media so that within an hour -a Rickshaw puller in Bangladesh will know our military strategy.

I mean General Bipin Rawat talked about the Military Strategy on Ladkh for 22 minutes

Seriously!!! China dont need a spy. They just need to know hindi or english and tune in to Republic Television or NDTV.

而印度喜欢对记者和媒体大谈特谈最新的战略，不出一个小时，孟加拉国的人力车车夫都能知道我们的军事战略了。

比平·拉瓦特将军曾经说到军事战略，口若悬河地谈了22分钟。

我说真的，中国都不需要间谍。他们只需要听得懂印地语或英语，收看全印电视台或新德里电视台就能接收到足够的情报了。

Kamal Gupta

China’s defense spending started in 1949. India was shocked into going for defense build up after the Chinese invasion in 1962.

China got a lot of help from Soviets in the first two decades, till the two fell out. They got access to technology, and could reverse-engineer tanks, artillery & aircraft.

中国从1949年就开始投资国防建设了。1962年中国教训印度，印度这才惊恐万分地加强国防建设。

在最初的20年里中国得到了苏联的很多帮助。他们获得了技术，可以对坦克、火炮和飞机进行逆向工程分析。