Why didn’t the Indian Army attempt a coup on their own country like other armies in the world did? Which provisions in the Indian Constitution prevent them to do so?

为什么印度军队不像世界上其他军队那样，在自己的国家发动政变？印度宪法中的哪些条款阻止他们这样做？

 以下是Quora网友的评论：

Dr. Balaji Viswanathan

Unlike in most countries, Indian Army was traditionally engineered to not recruit from the majority community. Minority groups like Sikhs, Gurkhas, Kodavas, Kumaonis were actively recruited to reduce the risk of coups and mutinies. These soldiers were again led by generals who were from other ethnicities.

和大多数国家不同，印度军队传统上并不从多数人口社区招募士兵。印度军队会从锡克教徒、廓尔喀人、科达瓦斯人、库马奥尼人等少 数民族招募士兵，减少政变和叛乱的风险。这些士兵又会被不同族裔的将领管理。

Thus, south Indians such as Shriganesh, Kumaramangalam, Thimmaya, Bewoor, Sundarji and Krishna Rao or Parsis like Manekshaw were the ones given the post of 4-star general (Chief of Army Staff). These were again drawn from groups with a lot of loyalty and less political ambitions.

所以Shriganesh、Kumaramangalam、Thimmaya、Bewoor、Sundarji和Krishna Rao等南印度人或者像Manekshaw这样的帕西人被授予了四星上将(陆军参谋长)的职位。这些人同样来自于忠诚程度高、政治野心低的群体。

Only in the recent decades did we start getting Sikhs and other north Indians as top generals and the jawan recruitment started large in places like UP & Bihar, as the government no longer worries about a coup.

But, while the old system was in place a bunch of south Indian generals leading an army composed of a variety of small ethnic groups was never likely to dream of ruling India’s vast majority. The system was remarkable social engineering.

直到最近几十年，锡克教徒和其他北印度人才开始有机会担任高级将领，印度在北方邦和比哈尔邦等地开始大量招募士兵，因为政府不再担心政变。

但在旧的制度下，一群南印度将军领导着一支由各少数族群士兵组成的军队，他们可能从来就没有梦想过统治印度。这个制度是很了不起的社会管理办法。

Also, India is extremely complex to rule. East India company tried it and within decades of taking over India the world’s largest company imploded and filed for bankruptcy. The British crown took over and they too lasted only a few decades before imploding during the World War 2. Ruling India is not for the faintest of hearts.

此外，印度的统治难度非常大。东印度公司曾经尝试过，在接管印度的几十年内，这个世界上最大的公司崩溃并申请破产。英国王室接手后也只勉强维持了几十年，二战期间也彻底崩溃了。

Let’s say an ambitious general takes over Delhi. Then what? It is not like other cities are going to immediately toe the line of the national capital. Every state has its own leaders and agendas and it is hard to get everyone in line after the fundamental de ocratic rule is broken. At every point the system is designed to act as a speed breaker.

假设一位雄心勃勃的将军接管了德里。然后呢？德里不会像其他城市那样，立即遵从国家首都的规定。印度每个邦都有自己的领导人和发展目标，很难让所有人都遵守规则。

Finally, Indian leaders didn’t allow for any power vacuum to develop. In case of Pakistan there were not many leaders with strong political/administrative experience and thus when innah died there was enough excuses for their army (made of the majority community — Punjabis)to take over. Indian political leaders gave no such excuses and there was an abundance of good leaders over the years.

最后，印度领导人不允许出现权力真空。巴基斯坦拥有丰富政治/行政经验的领导人不多，所以当真纳去世时，巴基斯坦的军队(由多数人口社区旁遮普人组成)就有了足够的借口来接管国家。印度多年来有很多优秀的领导人，不存在这种借口。

Aravind Varier

QUESTION : Why didn’t the Indian Army attempt a coup on their own country like other armies in the world did? Which provisions in the Indian Constitution prevent them to do so?

ANSWER : There are two parts in this question and I will answer it separately

问题：为什么印度军队从未像其他国家的军队那样在自己的国家发动政变？印度宪法中有哪些条款阻止他们这样做？

答：这个问题分为两个部分，我来分别回答一下。

Part 1 — Why didn’t the Indian Army attempt a coup on their own country like other armies in the world did?

Reply 1 — Indian army is well aware that, it is almost impossible to hold on to power after a coup due to the humongous diversity of the country.

第一部分：为什么印度军队从未像其他国家的军队那样在自己的国家发动政变？

回复1 -印度军队很清楚，印度拥有丰富的多样性，发生政变后几乎不可能继续掌权。

In addition, India has a million strong central armed police force spread throughout the country which directly reports to the ministry of Home affairs and they are NOT going to take orders from any Army general.

Indian states have another combined police force of about one million and they directly report to Chief Ministers of their respective state and NOT any central agency.

另外，印度有100万强大的中央武装警察部队分布在全国各地，直接归内政部管理，他们不会听命于任何陆军将军。

印度各邦还有一支大约100万的联合警察部队，他们直接归各邦的首席部长管理，不会听命于任何中央机构。

Part 2 — Which provisions in the Indian Constitution prevent them to do so?

The president of India has a final say in matters related to defence and NOT the Indian army.

The President of India can take any action related to the defence of the country ONLY with the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister of India.

You might think, it is easy for the army to takeover the house of the prime minister like the way we see in other countries.

第二部分-印度宪法中有哪些条款阻止他们这样做？

在与国防有关的国家事务上，印度总统拥有最终发言权，印度军队没有这个权力。

只有在以印度总理为首的部长会议的协助和建议下，印度的总统才会批准与国家国防有关的任何行动。

你可能会想，军队可以轻而易举地接管首相官邸，其他国家就发生过此类事件。

It is NOT an easy task because prime minister of India is guarded by SPG (Special Protection Group), which happens to be one of the best professional security agency in the world for a good reason.

Prime minister of India is the most important person in India and as a Symbol of Democracy, he is given the most advanced security cover in this country.

但这在印度并非易事，因为印度总理由特别保安团守卫，而特别保安团正是全世界最出色的专业安保机构之一，这是有原因的。

印度总理是印度的头号人物，是象征，他受到印度最高等级的安全保护。

Maulana Oraf

Because of our officers selection criterion. If u score the best in writtens , get sky high in physicals but they find out u have entrepreneural spirit, u will be mercilessly chucked out

To do tatkapalaat, we need officers who know how to run enterprises. Suppose Gen Manickshaw took over the country in 1971. Hows he gonna balance the budget? Hows he gonna run industry? Hows he gonna score investment?

这是因为我们印度的军官选拔标准。即便你书面成绩排第一，体育成绩也很高，但如果他们发现你有创业精神，也会立刻被无情淘汰。

我们需要懂得如何经营企业的官员。如果马尼肖将军在1971年接管了这个国家，他要怎么平衡预算？他要怎么发展工业？要如何获得投资？

If you're the type of young guy who would steal ur older bros porn mags and then make cut outs in cardboard boxes to sell ur classmate for 25 paise small to 1 rupee large, u can make a startup engineers salary before u can legally drive. But such mindsets won't be solicited by the army.

Such folks may be bumped to spec ops or MI but they don't have mainstay operational role like army does.

如果你是那种偷拿哥哥的色情杂志、剪剪贴贴后以25帕伊到1卢比的价格卖给同学的年轻人，你在达到合法开车的年纪之前就能赚到新工程师的工资了。但军队不会招募这样的年轻人。

这些人可能会被派往特种部队，这些部队不具备陆军的主要作战角色。

Ashok Ramesh

India is a big country. Don’t let the word map fool you, India is way bigger than what you see in world map. Second, India is the second most populated country in the world. And people in India are very diverse. There are so many languages, cultures, lifestyles, etc.,

Currently there are around 25 lakhs Indians serving in Indian military (including reserve forces). Assuming each one of the 25 lakh military personals are accepting the coup (which is highly unlikely), it is sill impossible for 25 lakh people to rule 1.3 billion people.

Most of the coups are happened in small countries and small population. Coups in big countries with huge population is impossible.

印度是一个大国。别被地图这个词骗了，印度比你在世界地图上看到的要大得多了。其次，印度是世界上人口第二多的国家。印度人口具有非常丰富的多样化，也有非常多的语言、文化、生活方式等等。

目前，大约有250万印度人在印度军队(包括预备役部队)服役。即便这250万人全都政变(极不可能)，250万人也无法统治13亿人。

大多数政变都发生在人口较少的小国。人口众多的大国不可能发生政变。

Pradeesh Kumar

May be am a bit late,but. The countries in which a coup happens is are the countries with one armed wing has more power compared to others. Let’s take the example of Pakistan. Army General is the head of all three forces and thus all three forces are at his disposal, besides the ISI. Also, most of the special forces of India reports directly to the home ministry and headed by IPS officers. The DGs of Forces are not even allowed to meet each other without the presence of President / PM. So, an Army chief may be able to mobilize the Army, but the Govt can still order the Air Force or Central Police forces to counter. It will take three generals at least to start a coup in India.

Also, it has to be noted that not many Generals in India had political ambitions. That is a reason too.

发生政变的国家都是那些武装力量不平衡的国家。我们以巴基斯坦为例吧。上将是三军首脑，因此除了三军情报局外，这三支部队都听命于他和印度军种机构。印度的大多数特种部队直属内政部管理，由联邦警察负责领导。在总统/总理不在场的情况下，部队首长甚至不允许私下会面。因此，陆军参谋长也许能够动员军队，但印度政府仍可以命令空军或中央警察部队进行反击。要在印度发动政变，至少需要三名将军。

此外，必须指出的是，拥有政治野心的印度将军不多。这也是一个原因。

Ranjiv Kurup

Nothing prevents us from doing so, except for the belief in the need for the military to always stay apolitical.

Can’t say I was not tempted, given the number of sold-out morons in the Congress during the first 70 years of our independence. Then again, it is still preferable to have a moron in office than for the military to rule India. We are never going to be good at it, and neither will we be able to tolerate the nonsense that goes on in the name of de ocracy!

没有什么阻止我们这样做，但我们信奉一点：军队必须远离政治。

在印度独立后的前70年里，国大党里有太多被收买的白痴。话说回来，让白痴执政也总好过让军队统治印度。我们虽然并不擅长，但我们也不能容忍以皿煮的名义发表的胡说八道！

Jose Poulose Chekkaparamban

This questions is a wrong sign. Indian army is under the government, civil rule, their duties are clearly mentioned in the constitution. If they dare t surpass it, there is ways to control it. The people will not allow a military rule.

这个问题发送了一个错误的信号。印度军队处于政府、文官的统治之下，他们的职责在宪法中有明确的定义。人民不会允许军事势力统治国家的。

Jammalamadaka Rammohan

It is not the provisions of the constitution.

But sheer common sense of Indian army which keeps them away from coup.

They watch closely how politicians of the country struggle to manage the country. With so much diversity it is near impossible to manage the country by force.

So Indian leaves the job to politicians and feels comfortable in advising and following orders given by civillian government.

这和宪法的规定无关。

纯粹是因为印度军队的常识让他们远离政变。

他们可以近距离观察这个国家的政治家如何殚精竭力地管理这个国家。印度拥有丰富的多样性，用武力来管理印度几乎是不可能的任务。

因此，印度人把这项工作交给了政客们，并乐意为文官政府提供建议、服从命令听指挥。

Anonymous

Countries like India are too big and have huge population and different ethnicities, which makes it difficult to rule and control by the military. Pakistan is a failed state which is corrupt and does not have strong leadership. This makes it easier for the Pakistani army to rule.

印度这样的国家太大了，人口众多，种族不同，所以军队很难进行统治和控制。巴基斯坦是一个失败的国家，腐败严重、缺乏强有力的领导，所以巴基斯坦军队更容易夺得统治的权力。

Mohan Kalaiselvan

Why would soldiers of Indian Army sholud revolt and loose their jobs and pension.

An army revolts when it is taken too far from home. Our army only defends our land, never invade other countries.

为什么印度士兵要冒着丢掉工作和养老金的风险起兵造反呢？

如果军队被带到离家太远的地方，就容易爆发起义。我们的军队只保卫印度的领土，从不会入侵其他国家。