Why does Indian farming not use innovative methods like American farming does?

为什么印度农业没有像美国那样采用现代化的手段？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

Economies of Scale!!!!

US,China, Ukraine, Russia have MASSIVE FARMHOLDINGS

The Average per Farmhold area of plantation is 113 Acres in Kansas for wheat

In Ukraine it is 92 Acres

In Russia it's 106 Acres

In China it's 83 Acres

In India it's 4.92 Acres

规模经济！！！

美国、中国、乌克兰、俄罗斯拥有大量农场

在堪萨斯州，每个农场种植小麦的平均面积为113英亩

在乌克兰是92英亩

在俄罗斯是106英亩

在中国是83英亩

在印度只有4.92英亩

You see the difference?

When you have 83 Acres, Power becomes cheaper on a Per Tonne basis, Labor becomes cheaper on a per tonne basis, Machinery becomes cheaper on a per tonne basis and Insurance becomes cheaper on a per tonne basis

When you have 5 Acres?

Everything becomes 7–12 times more expensive

看到区别了吗？

当你拥有83英亩土地时，每吨粮食摊到的电费、工钱、设备和保险都会变得更便宜

当你只有5英亩的时候？

所有东西都得贵上7-12倍

Say you have 83 Acres

The Yield is much higher at around 2.62 Tonnes per Acre or around 220 Tonnes of wheat

The Power Consumption of ₹ 94,000/— and Tractor and Machinery and Mechanised Labor price of ₹ 9,11,000/— gives you ₹10.05 Lakhs per season or a measly ₹4.60/— per Kilogram all inclusive

You break even with just ₹5/— per Kg and when you are paid ₹18.33/— per Kg with 30% wastage

You still make a good profit

假设你有83英亩土地

种植产量要高得多，每英亩产量约2.62吨，总产量约220吨小麦

电费94,000卢比 / 拖拉机和机械和机械化操作工资911,000卢比，每季合计100.5万卢比，折合每公斤4.60卢比

每公斤5卢比就可以不赚不赔，如果每公斤定价18.33卢比，就算加上30%的损耗

你还是能赚不少钱

Say you have 5 Acres

The Yield is lower at around 2.15 Tonnes per Acre or around 11 Tonnes

Power Consumption is ₹ 23,000/—

Labor, Equipment, Machinery and Mechanisation is ₹ 2,20,000/—

That's ₹ 2,43,000/—

That's ₹ 22/— per Kilogram or ₹ 24.50/— per Kg with 10% loss

No farmer can afford that because he gets only ₹18.33/— per Kg

So he loses ₹6/— per Kg if he chooses the American way of Mechanisation

At 50% the price, he can make around ₹6/— per kilo as profit but that means only Labor

假设你有5英亩土地

产量较低，每英亩产量约2.15吨，总产量约11吨

电费23000卢比

工钱和机器设备是220,000 卢比

合计243000卢比

折合每公斤22卢比或每公斤24.50卢比（加上10%的损耗）

农民们可亏不起，因为每公斤定价只有18.33卢比

所以如果他选择美国的机械化生产方式，他每公斤要亏6卢比

如果只用人力，就算价格下降50%，每公斤仍可以赚6卢比左右的利润

That's India's problem

Too small landholdings

Unviable and Unsustainable

So in a normal season you can get away and make maybe ₹ 2 Lakhs in clear profit if you have less than 10 Acres

In a bad season or floods you are BROKE and OWE MONEY!!!

That money has interest

Then more interest

Eventually you are forced to meet your maker or work as a security guard in the city

这是印度的问题

土地太少

可持续性差

所以在正常季节，如果你的土地低于10英亩，你大概可以获得20万卢比的利润

如果发生天灾，你就得破产了，欠一屁股债！！

这笔钱有利息

利息越滚越多

最终你只能去见上帝，或者去城里做一名保安

You needed some strong laws regarding Finance and Landholdings

Instead a group of Doofus leaders proposed and believed that the most crucial element of Agricultural reforms was retail selling of products and Arthiyas !!!!

Always happens when Meritocracy is ignored and replaced by Populism

It's why Indias overall grain production is only 99.1% -110% of China's despite almost 317% more Area under Cultivation

你需要一些金融融资和土地所有权的法律

但是，愚蠢的领导人提出农业改革最关键的因素在于零售，还不容置疑！

当精英政治被忽视并被民粹主义取代时，就会发生这种情况

这就是为什么印度的粮食总产量只有中国的99.1% -110%，尽管耕地面积比中国多了近317%

Selvarajan Rajeshwaran

Related

What is wrong with Indian farming?

I would put it as areas of opportunities for the Indian farmers to improve and further their lives.

Information rather lack of information and information asymmetry.

As a result

No reference point to measure oneself as he/ she progresses. Very little opportunity for feedback loop and peer to peer(comparison and) learning.

Markets for inputs and outputs do not function competitively.

印度农业出了什么问题？

我认为是印度农民缺少改善生活的机会。

信息缺失和信息不对称，

导致了缺乏参考和比照对象。没有什么机会进行反馈循环和点对点(对比和)学习。

市场的投入和产出也没有发挥竞争作用。

Achal Gautam

Being a son of a marginal farmer family, I have seen the agricultural sector in India closely. There are many reasons that Indian farmers don't use advanced agricultural methods like many other countries -

作为一个小农户家庭的儿子，我对印度的农业有着切身的观察。印度农民不像其他国家那样使用先进的农业方法，原因有很多。

The average size of Operational Land Holdings in India in 2016 was 1.08 hectares and now it would have come to around 1 hectare (around 2.5 acres). The percentage of small and marginal farmers in India is 85%. So it means that just 15% of Indian farmers have sizable land. You can't even sustain a tractor with 2.5 acres of land and then you have to give tractors on rent to recover its cost. The average farm size in the United States is around 450 acres and in India economies of scale are out of question. Only a handful of farmers in India can buy high-end agricultural pieces of equipment.

2016年，印度可耕土地的平均规模为1.08公顷，现在约为1公顷(约2.5英亩)。印度小农户占85%，这意味着只有15%的印度农民拥有大片土地。2.5英亩的土地都不足以维持一台拖拉机，拖拉机必须靠出租来收回成本。美国农场的平均规模约为450英亩，但在印度，规模经济是不存在的。在印度，只有少数农民买得起高端农业设备。

Availability of cheap labor - India has been witnessing a shortage of agricultural labor for over a decade but still the labor cost is less than the cost of using modern farm equipment. This is the reason most of the farmers go for the cheaper option. Also, most small farmers do the farming on their own (within the family members). As labor costs are rising, the use of modern farming equipment would become more economical in the coming decades.

廉价劳动力—十多年来，印度一直面临农业劳动力短缺的问题，但劳动力成本仍然低于使用现代农业设备的成本。这就是大多数农民选择继续使用更便宜的人力的原因。此外，大多数小农都是自己(家庭成员)耕种。随着劳动力成本的上升，现代农业设备的使用将在未来几十年变得更加经济。

Lack of agricultural reforms - Indian farm laws are very old and they don't favor the farmers. These laws are made for the betterment of middlemen and it means that the majority of farmers don't have sufficient surplus money to use advanced agricultural methods. India needs better farm laws that can give more power and money to farmers.

缺乏农业改革—印度的农业法律非常古老，对农民不利。这些法律的制订是为了改善中间商的利益，这意味着大多数农民没有足够的剩余资金来引进先进的农业方法。印度需要修订农业法律，赋予农民更多的权力和金钱。

MSP - Due to MSP, many farmers are not inclined to grow different crops than rice and wheat. And MSP on wheat and rice means that even rich farmers don't use modern agricultural techniques as they are somehow assured of fixed prices.

最低支持价格-由于最低支持价格的存在，许多农民不愿意种植水稻和小麦以外的农业作物。小麦和大米的最低支持价格意味着即使是富裕的农民也不愿意采用现代农业技术，因为在某种程度上他们能享受到固定收购价格。

Differentiation by Indian Government - Indian Central Government has been focusing more on a few agricultural belts like Punjab, Haryana, Western UP, etc. Punjab produced 3 to 4 times more wheat than Bihar but the Central government buys 4000 times more wheat from Punjab compared to Bihar. I would say that Indian Government needs to treat all Indian farmers equally so that all farmers can earn enough money.

印度政府的分化—印度中央政府更关注旁遮普邦、哈里亚纳邦、北方邦西部等几个农业区。旁遮普的小麦产量是比哈尔邦的3到4倍，但中央政府从旁遮普购买的小麦是比哈尔邦的4000倍。我想说的是，印度政府必须平等对待所有地区的农民，这样所有农民才能赚到足够的钱。

Lack of credit facilities for farmers - Despite best efforts from Governments, very few farmers (mostly big farmers) have access to credit facilities (from the banking system). So, small farmers are forced to take money from the market at very high-interest rates. And many farmers who get loans from banks don't pay loans on time because they hope that the next government may wave off the farm loans. And this means that banks are not very enthusiastic to give loans to farmers. India needs a good banking and insurance sector in Indian agriculture so that farmers can get finances to use modern farming techniques.

农民缺乏信贷工具—尽管各国政府作出了最大努力，但很少有农民(主要是大农民)能够获得信贷工具(从银行系统)。因此，小农被迫以非常高的利率从市场上借钱。很多向银行贷款的农民没有按时偿还贷款，因为他们希望下一届政府可以免除农业贷款。这也就意味着银行不太愿意贷款给农民。印度农业需要一个好的银行和保险部门，这样农民才能获得资金，接受现代农业技术。

Indian media and political class are anti-farmers - the Indian government, middle class, bureaucracy, public opinion, etc. are anti-farmers. These days the price of tomatoes is high and it means that despite the presence of middle man farmers are getting a higher price. But the middle class has created an uproar due to the high tomato price but the same middle class enjoys the extremely low price (when the price is low). Recently government banned non-Basmati rice export as the rice price is increasing in India. Last year wheat export was banned. As soon as the price increases, government bans exports which in turn harms the income of Indian farmers.

印度媒体和政治阶层都是反农民的—印度政府、中产阶级、官僚机构、公众舆论等都是反农民的。最近西红柿的价格暴涨，这意味着虽然有中间商，农民也能卖到更高的价格。但是中产阶级因为西红柿的高价爆发骚动，不过物价低的时候这些中产阶级也享受了极低的价格。最近，由于印度大米价格上涨，政府禁止印度香米出口。去年小麦出口也曾被禁止。只要价格上涨，政府就会禁止出口，但这么做又损害了印度农民的收入。

The use of innovative agricultural techniques depends on these factors - average farm size, necessity, and income of farmers. Indian farmers are bad on these accounts and that's why we hardly innovate our farming in the short term.

创新农业技术的使用取决于这些因素—平均农场规模、必要性和农民的收入情况。印度农民在这些方面都不太理想，这就是我们在短期内很难实现农业创新的原因。

Mohammed Tayeb Mohsin

Related

How has agriculture changed in the United States? How has agriculture changed in India?

美国的农业发生了怎样的变化？印度的农业发生了怎样的变化？

In the United States, agriculture has changed significantly over the past few decades. The use of technology and mechanization has increased, leading to larger and more efficient farms. The use of pesticides and fertilizers has also increased, leading to environmental concerns. Additionally, the focus of the agricultural industry has shifted from small-scale, family-owned farms to larger-scale operations.

在过去几十年里，美国的农业发生了巨大的变化。技术和机械化的使用越来越多，农场规模越来越大，效率也越来越高。农药和化肥的使用也增加了，导致了环境问题。此外，农业生产已从小规模的家庭农场转向更大规模的经营。

In India, the agricultural sector has seen a shift away from traditional subsistence farming. This has been driven by the emergence of commercial farming, which has led to increased mechanization and the use of modern technologies. Additionally, there has been a shift towards the use of more fertilizer and pesticide, as well as increased use of genetically modified crops. As a result, agricultural productivity has increased significantly.

在印度，农业生产也已经从传统的自给农业转向了。这是由商业农业的出现推动的，也推动了机械化的提高和现代技术的使用。此外，印度人使用的化肥和农药增多了，转基因作物也越来越普及。所以，农业生产力显著提高。

Rajiv Kr. Patel

Related

Why are people in India not following modern farming methods?

Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian but still it is not much developed, lot of reason exsts in farming which resist Indian farmer to adopt modern farming system, some of them are:

为什么印度人不采纳现代农业方法？

农业是印度的支柱，但仍然不太发达，印度的农业生产中存在很多原因，阻挠了印度农民采用现代农业制度，其中一些原因如下：

Small and fragmented land holdings

Lack of technical expertise

Non favourable government policies.

Higher market instability

Poor extension services

Higher initial cost to adopt modern technologies and in cost of cultivation and many more.

小而分散的土地

缺乏专业技术

政府政策不友好

市场不稳定

延伸服务差

采用现代技术的初始成本较高，种植成本较高等等。

Amit Jodha

If something requires 80 hrs per day work, you know that humans can’t do it, hence you need to innovate and find new ways.

Indian farms are comparatively very small, so only 10 hrs per day work, so people can do it, it will be tiring but can be done, you can also hire more people, people are cheap, machines are expansive.

如果做某件事需要每天工作80小时，那么人类肯定是做不到的，所以就需要创新。

印度的农场相对来说非常小，每天只需工作10个小时，所以人们可以自己干，虽然很累，但还是可以干完的，你还可以雇佣更多的人，人力很便宜，但机器却很昂贵。

继续阅读：农业   耕地   现代化   粮食

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