Why do the US and other Western countries put their factories in China instead of India, a de ocracy more friendly to their political conceptions? What did India and the Indians then lack compared to China and the Chinese?

为什么美国和其他西方国家都把工厂设在中国，而不是印度这个对他们的政治观念更友好的国家？与中国相比，印度差在哪儿？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Victims of American Hegemony

Conversely, one could ask why Bill Gates hired Indians for software development and tech support? Why have Indians played such a crucial role in Silicon Valley? They seem to have a natural talent for math and software.

One factor surely must be that English is more widely spoken in India, due to their centuries of British colonization.

To get back to your question, perhaps manufacturing runs better under tota tarian governments. Manufacturing requires a high level of discipline and organization.

才没有呢，有人可能还会问，为什么比尔·盖茨雇佣印度人做软件开发和技术支持？为什么印度人在硅谷如此重要？印度人似乎在数学和软件方面很有天赋。

其中有一个因素是很肯定的，经过了几个世纪的英国殖民统治，英语在印度得到了更广泛的使用。

说回你的问题，也许在主义政府下制造业发展得更好。制造业需要高度的纪律性和组织性。

Fred Chuatiuco

“More friendly to their political conception”? This would have to be China, not India.

The politics of business is to make money. For this, you need to have the infrastrusture and people that can get it done. More importantly, its what India has in abundance of that are turning companies away - graft, red tapes and bureacracy.

Plain and simple. Anything else you need clarification on?

“对他们的政治观念更友好”？那必须是中国，不会是印度。

商业的政治目的就是赚钱，所以你需要有基础设施和人力资源。更重要的是，印度有很多让公司望而却步的问题—腐败、繁文缛节和官僚主义。

事实很简单。还有什么需要澄清的吗？

The Wumao Club

If you wanted to eat a hamburger, where would you go?

Let’s suppose, for reasons of this discourse, you had the following options…

如果你想吃汉堡，你会去哪里？

假设您有以下选项…

McDonalds - You know what you are going to get. Not the best hamburger. But it is fast and it is cheap. And what your receive is reliable.

Burger King - Also “fast food”. Also reliable. A better hamburger. But double the cost of McDonalds.

White Castle - Also “fast food”. Very quick. Very cheap. But terribly greasy, and tiny.

Superb Burger - A local burger joint. Each burger is handcrafted out of the best ingredients, and made to order. Slow service, and high price. But everyone goes to it because it is so very delicious.

Joe’s Good Burger - A kind of shady, and shabby, cart situated in a back alley. Joe wears a dirty white apron. Smokes cigars. And hasn’t cleaned the cart in years. Prices are middle range.

Shoney’s - They serve all sorts of dinners, or which includes an extensive hamburger menu. Nice surroundings. Medium prices, good burgers.

麦当劳—你很清楚能吃到什么汉堡。谈不上最好，但又快又便宜，品质可靠。

汉堡王—也是“快餐”，品质也可靠。比麦当劳更好吃，但价格是麦当劳的两倍。

白色城堡—也是“快餐”。上餐速度非常快，非常便宜，但是非常油腻，而且份量很小。

超级汉堡—当地汉堡店。每个汉堡都是用最好的食材、手工制作，并且都是下单现作。上餐速度慢，价格高。但大家因为这家的汉堡美味可口，还是会选择这一家。

乔式美味汉堡—设在后巷的破旧推车。乔系着脏兮兮的白围裙，抽着雪茄，车子也好几年没洗了，但价格适中。

肖尼汉堡-他们提供各种各样的晚餐，其中有种类丰富的汉堡菜单。环境舒适，价格适中，汉堡也很好吃。

Which would you go to?

Well, it would depend on the situation.

If you were hungry, and in a rush, you would go to Joes.

If you only had a dollar or two, you would go to “White Castle” or McDonald’s.

If you wanted a good meal, and had the time and money; Shoney’s or Joe’s good Burger would be your preference.

你会去哪一家呢？

这要具体情况具体分析了。

如果你又饿又急，你就会去找乔式汉堡。

如果你只有一两美元，你只能去白色城堡或麦当劳。

如果你想享受美食，有钱也有闲，肖尼汉堡或乔式美味汉堡是你的首选。

Making products is quite similar to this. It is always a mix of quality / time / price.

But there is another factor that comes into play.

And this other factor has to do with the workers who run the burger places. If the workers are lazy and slovenly, you will not want to go there to eat. If they are coolly efficient and caring, you would be more prone to visit the establishment. But even more so, it would depend on the reputation. As this determines WHO runs the restaurant.

制造业也是如此，就是质量/时间/价格的综合因素。

但还有另一个因素在起作用。

这个因素就跟汉堡店的员工有关。如果员工又懒又邋遢，你绝不会喜欢去那里吃饭。如果员工冷静高效，充满爱心，你会更愿意去光顾。但更重要的是声誉，这决定了谁来经营这家餐厅。

In the case of India, there have been many, many who have experienced “bad experiences” and have pledged never to use India ever again. This is simply not me making excuses, I personally know a number of companies that PLEDGED never, ever to use Indian factories ever again. The experiences were THAT painful.

It is more than quality. It is more than deceit. It is more than legal-sharks, and shady business-deals. It’s a systemic level of corruption that runs rampant throughout the entire Indian industrial infrastructure. To do business with India is to take risks, and many companies are unwilling to do so.

就印度而言，有很多很多企业都有过“糟糕的经历”，发誓再也不跟印度打交道。我不是找借口，我知道很多公司都表示永远不和印度工厂合作。

原因不仅仅是质量问题、欺骗、法律欺诈和商业黑幕，而是整个印度工业中存在猖獗的系统性腐败。与印度做生意意味着冒险，许多公司不愿意这样做。

Dr. Balaji Viswanathan

Businesses care less about de ocracy and more about ease of business. China was much easier to do business with. Especially before i. I have traveled to China a lot and found their businesses to be much more faster at decision making than India’s. Pre-Pandemic China was an amazing place to work with.

Other reasons:

企业不太关心一些无关紧要的问题，更关心的是经营的便利性。和中国做生意要简单得多。我去过中国很多次了，我发现中国企业的决策速度比印度企业快很多。疫情前中国就是一个很棒的地方了。

其他原因有：

China focused on infra building since the late 1970s and by 1990s had much better infrastructure than India. The gulf between the countries has since widened a lot. The quality of Chinese supply chains is simply a wonder where India is significantly behind.

China created a massive availability of labor pool at the lower levels, by focusing on basic worker education and women labour. This was one good thing the Co unists did. India has not focused enough on building a large enough worker pool for factories to hire. Thus, Indian factories suffer from a shortage of quality labor at the lower levels.

自20世纪70年代末以来，中国一直专心搞基础设施建设，到90年代，中国的基础设施已经超过印度了。此后，两国之间的鸿沟继续大幅扩大。中国的供应链简直是一个奇迹，印度明显落后于中国。

中国关注基础工人的教育和妇女劳动力，创造了大量可用的劳动力储备。印度在为工厂打造足够大的劳动力储备方面不够重视。所以印度工厂面临着初级高质量劳动力短缺的问题。

Indian governments were traditionally a mess to deal with as governments at all levels didn’t appreciate the importance of manufacturing. The attitudes changed a little bit since 2014, but not very substantially. Even today, it is a suicide to attempt a manufacturing startup in India. If you are a large foreign company or a very large domestic company then it is ok.

Indian attitude towards manufacturing has either been at the vanity level [getting the likes of Tesla and Apple] or trying to support unsustainably small enterprises. This is terrible short-sighted. Most countries including China, Germany and Japan build bulk of manufacturing through mid sized businesses.

India’s power supply was erratic, expensive and weak. Fortunately this part was improved substantially in the past decade.

印度政府一直都很难处理，各级政府都没有意识到制造业的重要性。2014年后人们的态度发生了一些变化，但变化并不大。如今在印度建立制造业公司依然是一种自杀行为。但如果你是一家大型外国企业或非常大型的国内企业，那还行。

印度对制造业的态度要么虚荣心作祟 (讨好特斯拉和苹果等公司)，要么傻傻支持没有前途的小企业，非常短视。中国、德国和日本等大多数国家都仰赖中型企业撑起制造业。

印度的电力供应不稳定、昂贵且薄弱。幸运的是，这部分在过去十年中得到了很大的改善。

There are changes happening for sure, but for India to attract large scale manufacturing like China did in the 1980s and 90s, deeper changes have to occur. I don’t think India’s politicians or bureaucrats have much of an idea. I have spent years in India’s manufacturing, spent a lot of time understanding China’s manufacturing and talk to bureaucrats often but not once I was asked on problems that Indian startups face in this sector. Indian civil servants and politicians assume they known the answer and remain clueless to the ground reality.

印度肯定也在慢慢改变，但要像中国在20世纪八九十年代那样吸引大规模制造业，必须要有更深层次的变化。我不认为印度的政客或官僚有这种见识。我在印度制造业工作了多年，花了很多时间了解中国制造业，经常和官员交流，但他们从未问及印度初创企业在这个领域面临着什么问题。印度的公务员和政客们都觉得自己无所不知，但他们对实际情况一无所知。

Muthu Kumar

I’ll tell what China has / had, that India doesn’t :

1.     Govt.

2.     Business conducive atmosphere.

3.     Speedy approvals of business transactions.

4.     Best infrastructure, such as transport, electricity etc.

5.     Great tax breaks.

6.     Less corruption.

我列一下中国有、但印度没有的东西吧：

1.     制度不同。

2.     有利营商的氛围。

3.     商业交易审批速度快。

4.     最好的基础设施，如交通、电力等。

5.     优厚的税收减免。

6.     腐败较少。

Dan-Wee Loh

Alexander Nguyen, interesting that you do not ask why western countries would rather put their factories in VIETNAM instead of Democractic India !

Both China and Vietnam are transformed countries that adopt free market economy.

If you are western capitalist businessmen, one fundamental question capitalists will ask is which country China vs India, Vietnam vs India will give the best ROI with the highest rate of success ?

Alexander Nguyen，我觉得很有意思，你居然没有问为什么西方国家宁愿把工厂设在越南，也不设在印度！

中国和越南都是实行自由市场经济的转型国家。

如果你是西方商人，资本家会问的一个基本问题是，中国vs印度，越南vs印度，哪个国家的投资回报率最高，成功率最高？

Businessmen are practical people. They follow where the money can be generated. As such, it is obvious that China overwhelm India in attracting FDI.

The other key point is China and Vietnam does NOT have de ocracy mixed with caste system. India has the toxc combination of both which explains why things will be done at snail crawling speed in India.

商人都很讲求实际。他们只会奔着能赚钱的地方去。中国在吸引外国直接投资方面显然比印度好太多了。

另一个关键点是中国和越南没有种姓制度与皿煮并行的体制。这两点的结合让印度深受其害，无怪乎印度不管做什么都像蜗牛爬。

Jaimin Shah

We look down on Manufacturing as what the stupid, uneducated people do. People who work with their hands is the equivalent of the new Lower Caste.

There is an Instagrammer ig bhavik_experiment_official. The person looks like a young adult or teenager attempting to solve problems with his unique inventions. One look at the comments section and you will see the disdain that people have on his work and the attidude.

我们看不起制造业。靠手艺讨生活的人就是新的低种姓人群。

有一个Instagram用户名bhavik_experiment_official，可能是一个年轻人或青少年，他想用自创的发明来解决问题。看看评论区吧，印度人对他的工作和态度简直不屑一顾。

Adding on to what Dr. Balaji Viswanathan said, the attitude Indians have towards manufacturing is downright disdain. We look down upon anyone working with their hands.

Its this attitude that we need to change before we ask why doesnt manufacturing increase in India.

You may find someone's inventions useless, but the fact the so many rejoice to insult someone speaks to our collective mindsets.

We must change this attidue, and have respect for all professions and jobs.

Balaji Viswanathan博士也说过，印度人对制造业的态度就是彻头彻尾的蔑视，印度人看不起手工人。

在我们对印度制造业为何踌躇不前提出疑问之前，我们必须先改变这种态度。

你可能觉得别人的发明毫无用处，但这么多人以侮辱别人取乐的事实正好反应了我们的集体心态。

我们必须改变这种态度，我们必须尊重所有的职业和工作。

Rodrigo

“China +1” is china + india,

“China +2” is china + india + vietnam,

these are the new parradimes that business moguls are waking up to in 2023… to no longer put all the eggs into the single china basket,

“中国+1”是中国+印度，

“中国+ 2”是中国+印度+越南，

这是2023年商业大亨们的新理念……不再把所有的鸡蛋都放在中国这个篮子里

regarding past history, china probably had a slight advantage at one point in terms of factory capability, but that is something only an expert could answer,

then yes there were even sketchier things like india in the past may have been closer to russia than china was, and that also may have been a factor, because back then we were more concerned with russia than china

就过去的历史而言，中国在工厂能力方面可能一度有一些优势，但只有专家才能回答这个问题。

印度过去可能跟俄罗斯更亲近，这也许也是一个因素，因为那时我们更关心俄罗斯而非中国。