India is the second largest populated country in the world. What's their major setback of development?

印度是世界上人口第二大国。印度发展的主要障碍是什么？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Dr. Balaji Viswanathan

India has too few cities to pull its population out of poverty. This is one of the key differences between India and China. Every country that went developed built cities faster and larger. India has now fewer metropolises than it did in 1947. The loss of 2 large metros — Karachi and Lahore — along with 5 other large cities to Pakistan was never replaced.

Indian leaders have been stuck in some romantic ruralism and often didn’t understand or appreciate the need for urban planning. They would live in a city and send their children to school in one, but talk about how nice villages are.

印度的城市太少了，无法让其人口摆脱贫困。这是印度和中国之间的重要区别之一。每一个发达国家的城市都越建越快、越建越大。印度现在的大都市数量比1947年还少。卡拉奇和拉合尔这两个大城市加上其他5个大城市都被巴基斯坦分走了。

印度领导人一直沉迷于浪漫的乡村主义中，他们不理解也不欣赏城市规划的必要性。他们住在城市里，把孩子送到城里上学，但却整天说乡村多好多好。

A couple of tier-2 cities were built in the past 70 years — Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Navi Mumbai etc, but nothing remotely close to what China is doing or what US did in 19th century.

This is especially true of northern & central India where Delhi has the burden of carrying the aspirations of the surrounding 600 million people. Indian cities all looked much nicer 70 years ago, but with a massive burden on a few cities their infrastructure is getting crushed. We need to unburden them with new cities.

在过去的70年里，印度修建了几个二线城市—昌迪加尔、布巴内斯瓦尔、新孟买等，但这完全没有办法跟中国和美国在19世纪的成就相提并论。

在印度北部和中部尤其如此，德里肩负着承载周围6亿人的梦想。70年前，印度的城市看起来好多了，但有些城市的基础设施因为居民太多而不堪重负。我们需要让新城市来分担他们的压力。

India is filled with hypocrites who would not mind getting a job in a city, but still oppose building a city. Many people who enjoy their higher standard of living in an urban location still don’t understand the importance of growth.

People keep talking about this absurd notion of “oh, let’s create jobs in villages and towns”. Job creation comes from factories, tech parks and office complexes. To get them to jobs you need schools, colleges, training institutes. Once they earn, they would want to spend it — in grocery stores, restaurants, theaters, travel [railways, airports, highways], hospitals, temples etc. What do you call the place that has all of these? Gee, I don’t know. A city?

印度有太多伪君子了，他们不介意在城市找工作，但却反对城市建设。许多在城市享受更高生活水平的人仍然不明白增长的重要性。

人们一直在谈论这种荒谬的想法：“我们在乡镇创造就业机会吧”。就业机会来自工厂、科技园区和办公大楼。要让人们找到工作，你还需要配置学校、大学和培训机构。等他们赚到钱，他们就会把钱花在杂货店、餐馆、剧院、旅游(铁路、机场、高速公路)、医院、寺庙等地方。你管拥有这些设施的地方叫什么呢？呀，我不知道。莫非是城市？

In the nation with the largest size of farmland there are weird rumours circulating about reduction of farmlands. In fact, India has grown its arable land slightly from about 60 years ago. Sure, the population has grown but so did the productivity of each hectare.

In fact, we could double our farm productivity with better irragation & planning and half the size of farms as we produce enough food and the population is stabilising. We don’t need more farms — we need more cities.

If we just build more planned cities, along the lines of Chandigarh — but about a 100 more — 4 for each state — that alone would pull people out of poverty and a lot of social evils of our villages. These 100 cities can fit in about a small fraction of India’s land, leaving rest of forests, parks and farms.

在耕地面积最大的国家，还流传着耕地减少的疯言疯语。事实上，和60年前相比，印度的可耕地面积还略有增加。当然，随着人口的增长，每公顷更低的产量也在增长。

我们可以通过更好的灌溉设施和农业规划将农作物产量提高一倍，同时将农场规模缩小一半，因为我们能生产出足够的食物，人口数量也逐步稳定。我们不需要过多的农场，我们需要的是更多的城市。

如果我们沿着昌迪加尔一带建造更多城市—大约再多100个—每个邦新建4个—单凭这一点就能让人们摆脱贫困和农村的许多社会弊病。这100个城市只会占据一小部分印度土地，剩下的领土还是森林、公园和农场。

Jiangjunling

Related

Why is China more developed than India despite having the world’s largest population?

I'm Chinese, I've worked in India for a while, I've been to some of the cities and villages in India,

Personally, I think the gap between India and China will only get bigger, not smaller, in the next 10 to 20 years.

为什么中国拥有世界上最多的人口，却比印度更发达？

我是中国人，我在印度工作过一段时间，也去过印度的一些城市和村庄，

我个人认为，在未来10到20年里，印度和中国之间的差距只会越来越大，不可能缩小。

First, India missed a golden opportunity to industrialise

From the end of the cold war in 1989 to the global financial crisis in 2008, more than 20 years were the golden age of global economic globalization.

Over the past two decades, developed countries in the west have shifted manufacturing to develo countries,

China jumped at the chance and India didn't!

After the subprime crisis in 2008, western countries had already felt the danger brought by the hollowing out of manufacturing industry, and had strictly controlled the outflow of manufacturing industry.

That's when India started to focus on manufacturing, but the good times won't come again.

首先，印度错过了工业化的黄金机遇

从1989年冷战结束到2008年全球金融危机，这20多年是全球经济全球化的黄金时代。

在过去的二十年里，西方发达国家将制造业转移到发展中国家，

中国抓住了这个机会，而印度错失良机！

2008年次贷危机后，西方国家已经感受到制造业空心化带来的危险，开始严格控制制造业外流了。

印度从那时起才开始重视发展制造业，但机会已经一去不复返了。

In recent years, India's manufacturing industry has developed and foreign investment has also entered India. However, foreign investment in India is quite different from that in China.

Foreign investment in India is aimed at capturing the domestic demand of India,

Foreign investment in China, the purpose is not only to occupy the Chinese market, but to meet the needs of the world!

Foreign investment in India, more to meet the Indian government's market access requirements,

It is easy to judge that Indian made products are not globally competitive and it is hard to see any Indian made products outside India.

近年来，印度制造业开始发展，外资也进入印度。但在印度的外国投资和在中国的外国投资大不相同。

外商在印度投资的目的是抓住印度的国内需求，

外商在中国投资的目的不仅仅是为了占领中国市场，而是为了满足世界的需求！

印度制造的商品不具备全球竞争力，这是显而易见的事，因为在印度以外很难看到任何印度制造的商品。

Second, India may miss out on a fourth industrial revolution

Many people call breakthroughs in high-speed communications, new energy, new materials, life sciences, artificial intelligence and other fields the fourth industrial revolution.

But indians are still keen on IT and have invested little in the fourth industrial revolution.

I am not saying India is not investing, but very little, less than one tenth of China.

In the future, the level of science and technology will determine the strength of a country, or even the destiny of a country.

其次，印度可能会错过第四次工业革命

很多人把高速通信、新能源、新材料、生命科学、人工智能等领域的突破称为第四次工业革命。

但印度人至今还热衷于信息技术，对第四次工业革命的投资很少。

印度不是完全没有投资，但是很少，只有不到中国的十分之一。

在未来，科技水平将决定一个国家的实力，甚至决定一个国家的命运。

Third, India's environmental crisis

As a Chinese, I have witnessed the destruction of China's environment by industrialization.

It is easy to destroy the environment, but difficult to repair it. Today, the annual investment in environmental protection in China far exceeds the sum of education and military expenditure.

But it will take generations to repair the environment, and some will never be.

Unfortunately, I saw similar environmental damage in India, which has a higher population density and a lower environmental carrying capacity than China.

India must solve its environmental problems, which may cause social instability and unrest.

第三，印度的环境危机

作为一个中国人，我目睹了工业化对中国环境造成的破坏。

破坏环境容易，修复环境却极难。如今中国每年在环境保护方面的投资远远超过教育和军事开支的总和。

修复环境需要几代人的时间，可能有些方面永远也无法复原。

很遗憾，我在印度也看到了类似的环境破坏情况，印度的人口密度比中国高，环境承载能力比中国弱。

印度必须解决可能导致社会不安和动荡的环境问题。

Fourth, India's education crisis

In particular, inequality in education,

Personally, 20% of people in India get a good education, but the quality and environment of education for the other 80% is really bad.

Inequality in education leads to inequality in life development,

India should pay special attention to the quality of mass education and invest heavily in it.

第四，印度的教育危机

尤其是教育不平等，

就个人而言，印度有20%的民众接受了良好的教育，但另外80%的教育质量和环境非常糟糕。

教育的不平等导致了人生发展的不平等，

印度应该特别关注大众教育的质量，并在这方面加大投入。

Aditya Kabir

Related

Is India the second densely populated country in the world?

No way. India is not even in the list of top 30.

The top 10 are all tiny countries — Macau, Monaco, Singapore, Hong Kong, Gibraltar, Vatican City, Bahrain, Malta, Bermuda, and Maldives. Macau and Monaco has an astounding 40,000+ people per square kilometre. India has less than a thousand.

印度是全球人口密度第二大的国家吗？

不。印度甚至都没有进入前30名。

前10名都是一些小国家和地区—澳门、摩纳哥、新加坡、中国香港、直布罗陀、梵蒂冈城、巴林、马耳他、百慕大和马尔代夫。澳门和摩纳哥每平方公里有惊人的4万多人。印度只有不到1000人。

The most densely populated large is Bangladesh, followed by Taiwan.

Then comes more of the small countries — Mauritius, Barbados, Aruba, San Marino, and Mayotte.

Remember, India is not only the 2nd most populated country. It also is 7th largest by land area. By area India is almost as big as western Europe.

A large part of India is practically empty. At least three Indian states — Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Mizoram — have less than 50 people per square kilometres.

人口最密集的是孟加拉国，其次是中国台湾省。

接下来是很多小国家—毛里求斯、巴巴多斯、阿鲁巴、圣马力诺和马约特岛。

印度不仅是人口第二多的国家，还是国土面积第七大的国家。按面积计算，印度几乎和西欧一样大。

印度的大部分地区都没有人烟。印度至少有三个邦—“阿邦”（注：即我藏南）、安达曼和尼科巴群岛以及米佐拉姆邦—每平方公里的人口不足50人。

Muruganandam

Why india still and will be poor?

为什么印度现在还这么穷？

It is diverse. Language, ethinicity, race, status everything different in each state. Homogeneous population shares same thoughts and action. Which essential to planning and execution. So states will flourish but not country. Bcz states got somewhat homogeneous population. (Eg countries :Korea, japan, all European, Russia, china are developed)

Democracy. Democracy is suitable for developed country. US, EUROPE can have. Because of homogeneous population they'll choose what they wanted. But in india it differs state to state. US suffering from de ocracy. They might have re elected trump.

Good performing states are punished. States that are rigidly followed family planning will lose representation in Parliament. economic performing state’s taxes used for another poor state who still prefer to be poor.

印度太多样化了。语言，民族，种族等等，每个邦都不一样。每种族群都有相同的思维和行为。这对规划和执行至关重要。因此，各邦会得到繁荣发展，但国家却不会。因为各邦拥有相对同质的人口。(例如：韩国、日本、所有欧洲国家、俄罗斯、中国都是发达国家)

皿煮制度。适合发达国家，美国、欧洲可以拥抱这个制度。但对于印度，每个邦都不一样。美国也饱受皿煮之苦，他们可能会再次推特朗普上台。

表现优秀的邦会受到了惩罚。严格实行计划生育的邦会失去在议会中的席位。经济表现良好的邦，只能把税收让渡给其他不思进取的贫困邦。

So india can never become an developed country.

所以印度永远都不可能成为发达国家。

Charles F. Lee

It is DEMOCRACY. This means that:

India’s politician are more interested in getting elected than making difficult decisions that is good for the country. No matter what decision, they will be others who criticized that decision. To play it safe, Indian politician will not make any decision.

To win power, Indian politician frequently harnessed hatred against other religious groups, lower caste members, etc. resulting in much havoc and chaos throughout the history of Modern India. In addition, Unqualified Individual can and frequently find themselves wng power by harnessing hatred.

To win and keep power, India’s leaders tolerate corruption by their subordinate and alles.

原因在于印度皿煮：

印度政客一心想着赢得选举，不愿制定对国家有利的艰难决定。无论他们做什么决定，都会遭到他人的批判。为了安全起见，印度政客选择了不作为。

为了赢得权力，印度政治家经常利用民众对其他宗教团体、低种姓成员等的仇恨，导致了现代印度历史上的严重灾难和混乱。那些德不配位的人常常利用仇恨来赢得权力。

为了赢得权力、保住权力，印度领导人也对下属和盟友的腐败行为睁一只眼闭一只眼。

George Katsamakis

Their culture. Casts societies are not de ocracies. Although they have some of the most intelligent people on the planet, by viewing some of their citizens as inferiors , they will never be developed.

因为印度的文化。种姓社会不可能是皿煮社会。虽然印度有一些全球最聪明的人才，但他们把自己的部分公民视为劣等人，他们永远都不可能得到发展。

Siloo Kapadia

The socialist policies of the prior administration and corruption. Both are currently being addressed by the Modi government and India is really booming.

因为前任印度政府的政策和贪污腐败。莫迪政府目前正在解决这两个问题，印度正在蓬勃发展。