为什么印度大多数邦都只有一个较为发达的城市

Why do majority of Indian states have only one developed city as compared to the states in the USA which have several developed cities?

为什么印度大多数邦都只有一个较为发达的城市，但美国各州都有好几个？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Prakhar

Yes, that is a big problem. The US has a population of 335–340 million with 50 states and each state having atleast 2–3 developed cities, while India has 1.42 billion people with 28 states and not even all states have developed cities.

Although I support the creation of a megacity in each Indian state that becomes a centre of growth, but I vehemently oppose over-centralisation in any case. This over-centralisation has halted the growth of other regions of states like Bihar, UP, Rajasthan, Karnataka, West Bengal, Odisha, former Andhra and Assam.

是的，这是个大问题。美国有3.35 - 3.4亿人口，50个州，每个州至少都有2-3个发达城市，而印度有14.2亿人口，28个邦，不是所有邦都有发达城市。

虽然我支持在印度每个邦内打造一个超大城市，成为增长中心，但我强烈反对过度集中。这种过度集中已经妨碍了比哈尔邦、北方邦、拉贾斯坦邦、卡纳塔克邦、西孟加拉邦、奥里萨邦、前安得拉邦和阿萨姆邦等其他地区的增长。

Bengaluru, Noida, Kolkata, Patna, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Bhubaneswar and Guwahati — apart from these key cities, we rarely hear about economic hubs in other cities of the respective states.

Years ago, this was the case with Maharashtra too. Apart from Mumbai, there was no big developed city. Maharashtra government learnt and started focussing on Pune, Nagpur, Shambhaji Nagar (Aurangabad) and Nashik too. Later, the government also developed sister cities of Mumbai like Thane, Navi Mumbai, Palghar, Vasai etc.

班加罗尔、诺伊达、加尔各答、巴特那、斋浦尔、海得拉巴、布巴内斯瓦尔和古瓦哈蒂—除了这些重点城市，我们很少听说印度各邦的其他城市还有其他经济中心。

多年前，马哈拉施特拉邦也是如此。除了孟买，没有其他大型发达城市。马哈拉施特拉邦政府吸取了教训，开始把发展重点放在浦那、那格浦尔、纳加尔和纳希克。后来，政府还发展了孟买的姐妹城市，如塔那、新孟买、帕尔加尔、瓦萨伊等。

Delhi also did this to relieve the burden from core Delhi NCT. It expanded to Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurugram, Faridabad etc. But what the lazy governments of Uttar Pradesh did, that they kept on pouring money only on Noida and ignored rest of state. their older cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, Prayagraj etc. started decaying in 1990s and 2000s.

The reasons behind this phenomenon are:

德里这样做也是为了减轻德里国家首都辖区的负担，如今这个范围拓展到诺伊达、加济阿巴德、古鲁格拉姆、法里达巴德等。但是北方邦的懒政政府只把钱花在了诺伊达，忽视了邦内其他地方。勒克瑙、坎普尔、普拉亚格拉吉等老城市，从20世纪90年代和21世纪初就开始衰败了。

这一现象背后的原因是：

Majority of current India’s megacities are either developed by the British government (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Surat, Delhi) or by the princely states (Pune, Bangalore, Jaipur, Hyderabad). The governments of Independent India have been very lazy in creating more cities and bringing development to each and every region of the country.

目前印度的多数大城市要么是由英国政府(孟买、加尔各答、金奈、苏拉特、德里)建造，要么是由王权邦(浦那、班加罗尔、斋浦尔、海得拉巴)建造。独立后的印度政府在打造更多城市、为各个地区带来均衡发展方面非常懒惰。

United States did not make the most populated cities as the capital of their states. LA is not the capital of California, Chicago is not the capital of Illinois and NYC is not the capital of New York state.

India did the reverse. They put of burden of administrative capital on their megacities. Mumbai became capital of Maharashtra, Bangalore became capital of Karnataka, Kolkata became capital of Bengal and Patna became capital of Bihar.

美国并没有把人口最多的城市设为各州的首府。洛杉矶不是加利福尼亚州的首府，芝加哥不是伊利诺伊州的首府，纽约也不是纽约州的首府。

印度的做法正好相反。他们把行政首府的负担强加给了大城市。于是孟买成了马哈拉施特拉邦的首府，班加罗尔成了卡纳塔克邦的首府，加尔各答成了孟加拉邦的首府，巴特那成了比哈尔邦的首府。

As a result of these flawed policies, all activities of the states are centred around their capitals. Other regions got deprived of good English medium schools, hospitals, roads and flyovers, industries, malls and restaurants.

In this regard Tamil Nadu and Kerala have done good work. Kerala followed an equitable model of development, while TN governments brought good educational institutes and industries to their tier-2 cities like Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruchirappalli etc. while retaining Chennai as the capital. Gujarat and Haryana also did nicely.

因为这些有缺陷的政策，各邦的所有经济发展都围绕着首府为中心。其他地区的学校、医院、道路和天桥、工业、商场和餐馆都得不到什么好的机会。

泰米尔纳德邦和喀拉拉邦在这方面做得很好。喀拉拉邦遵循了公平的发展模式，而泰米尔纳拉邦政府为哥印拜陀、韦洛尔、蒂鲁吉拉帕利等二线城市引入了良好的教育机构和产业，同时保留钦奈为首都。古吉拉特邦和哈里亚纳邦也表现不错。

I always believe commerce and politics should remain separate. An administrative capital like Gandhinagar, DC or Canberra is okay. There can be numerous commercial capitals with each having all the facilities a megacity must have.

我一直认为商业和政治应该保持分离。可以设立甘地纳格尔、华盛顿特区或堪培拉这样的行政首都，但可以设立多个商业首府，为每个首府配备特大城市必需的一切设施。

Asimendrakumar Dhirendrakumar Dechaudhari

In India, State capitals are develo very fast and attracting rural population of the state towards them. Even people from semi-urban towns in the state prefer these maga-cities. Some of these cities like Mumbai attract population from throughout India. New Delihi is develo as country's capital and attracting people from throughout India. Some of these cities have international importance as business and educational centres, attracting people from a over the world. Some cities may even have more than one crore population. These cities attract people mainly because of great educational, medical facilities and scope of employment, very good mass transport, industries.

在印度，各邦首府的发展都非常快，吸引邦内的农村人口不断涌入。即使是来自邦内城镇地区的人也更喜欢到这些大城市发展。孟买等城市就吸引了印度各地的人口。新德里作为印度首都快速发展，吸引着印度各地的民众。印度有些城市作为商业和教育中心，在国际上也有一定地位，吸引世界各地的人们。有些城市的人口甚至可能超过了1亿。这些城市吸引人们的主要原因在于良好的教育、医疗和就业，出色的公共交通和工业产业。

Indian people have a tendency to live in the best city with most modern facilities, whereas villages and smaller towns are neglected. Some smaller cities are also competing and copying these mega-cities. On the other hand, mega-cities are getting bigger and bigger. For example, Mumbai has grown into Greater Mumbai and Navi Mumbai and now it is expanding beyond Panvel to Raigad district. It is also growing towards Thane, Kalyan etc. As a result these cities are becoming concrete jungles with problens like overpopulation, environmental pollution and slums. It is not that a state does not have other smaller towns and cities but there is no uniform growth throughout the state and there is total neglect of villages.

印度人喜欢生活在拥有现代设施的一流城市，不愿考虑村庄和小城镇。有些小城市也积极地和这些特大城市竞争、向它们学习。另一方面，超级城市也变得越来越大。例如，孟买已经发展为大孟买和新孟买了，现在又从潘维尔扩展到拉伊加德区，并同时向塔纳、卡尔彦等地扩展。这些城市慢慢变成混凝土丛林，面临着人口过剩、环境污染和贫民窟等问题。印度各邦并非没有其他较小的城镇和城市，而是各邦邦内没有协同增长，而且完全弃各个村庄而不顾。

On the other hand I have seen that US is having a more planned development model to develop the country as a whole. Even a small town or village has good infrastructure living standards and environment.

相比之下，美国采用了规划更合理的发展模式来发展整个国家。就算是小城镇或村庄，也有良好的基础设施、生活水平和环境。

Sanuradha

If you really want to know my honest, unabashed opinion, particularly as someone coming from America to India for extended stays, it really doesn’t matter, truth be told. The country is rocking it as is. Overfocus on hyperdevelopment is a tad superfluous, I feel. So much traditional culture and lifestyle offered in one India that entire America can neither match nor offer. Trying to keep up with the Joneses that is the Wealthy, Developed, West and clamor for Hitech Megacities left and right often does not take this basic, core fact into consideration.

如果你真的想听听我坦诚的观点，我作为一个从美国来印度长住的人，我想说：说实话，这真的无关紧要。印度现在就很棒。我觉得过度关注过度开发有点多余。印度拥有如此丰富的传统文化和生活方式，这是美国既无法比拟也无法提供的精彩。和那些富裕发达的西方国家攀比，一心想着高科技大城市的人，往往都没有考虑到一个基础、核心的事实。

Which is why my usual advice to Third World countries like India and Thailand type places is always the same. Focus first on the core essence of your countries which is in fact your ultimate selling point and far beyond what a few, sterile Hitech countries will ever offer. The old city, culture, rice paddies, fruit bearing and flowering trees, ghats and holy rivers … yes, those things. I’m not kidding. Such things are even drawing adventurous wealthy foreign citizens to your shores and finding paradise.

我对印度和泰国等第三世界国家给出相同的建议，原因就在于此。首先关注自己国家的核心本质，这才是你们的吸引力和竞争力之所在，这是所有高科技国家都无法提供的。老城、文化、稻田、果树，满树繁花、高止山脉和圣河……是的，就是那些东西。我绝没有开玩笑。这些美好吸引着富有冒险精神的外国公民来到你们的国度，寻找天堂。

Not going to discourage improvements here and there of course, such as cleanliness, safety, and the more basic development of roads, buildings, etc. That every society should prioritize, without saying. Of course, not speaking out against idea of Hitech Megacities, either.

But just my feeling that focus should not and need not be on such hifi high end things in a country with as beauteous, golden, and sumptuous civilization as India’s!

当然，我们不是要阻拦各地的发展，比如环境整洁、社会安全，以及道路、建筑等基础发展。每个社会都应该优先解决这些问题。当然，我也不是公开反对高科技大城市。

我只是觉得，在一个像印度这样美丽、耀眼又奢华的文明国家，不应该也不需要把注意力放在这些飘在云端的东西上！

Dandamudi Mohan Krishna

Because you haven’t looked properly and in most cases it’s not true.

If you take Andhra it has Vijayawada and Vishakpatnam as developed cities.

If you take TamilNadu it has Chennai and Coimbatore as developed cities.

If you take the Maharashtra then it has Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur.

There are few cases where it’s true, but not always.

那是因为你看错了，事实并非如此。

以安得拉邦为例，有维杰亚瓦达和维沙克帕特南作为发达城市。

以泰米尔纳德邦为例，有金奈和哥印拜陀这样的发达城市。

以马哈拉施特拉邦为例，有孟买、浦那和那格浦尔。

这种情况很少，但并不总是如此。

Also US is three times bigger in size than India.

It makes more sense to have more developed cities compared to India.

Just to be clear I’m not saying India shouldn’t have more developed cities, infact it should but Industries will focus more on profits and building a new city from ground up is very difficult task.

此外，美国的面积是印度的三倍。

与印度相比，美国拥有更多发达城市自然是更有意义。

我要澄清一下，我不是说印度不应该有更多发达城市，印度应该要有，但从头开始建设新城市是非常困难的任务。

Ryan Subbu

Compare the size of US , her population, her income, her administration etc , and India's. You will find the answer.

比较一下美国和印度的规模、人口、收入、政府等等，你就会找到答案的。

Free Man

India is a very diverse country. There are thousands of different languages and cultures here. So to coordinate them all to make a developed India is a task which can seem impossible.

The political system of India is really corrupt. Political parties don’t reveal where they get funding from and how they use it. The money that government allot for lets say for develo a small village does not go towards develo and instead it goes to politicians and officers at various level who are greedy and want to full their accounts.

印度是一个非常多元化的国家，拥有成千上万种不同的语言和文化。因此，全面协调这些因素，让印度成为一个发达国家，似乎是一项不可能完成的任务。

印度的政治制度真的很腐败。政党不会公布他们从何处获得资金、如何使用这些资金。政府为小村庄的发展划拨的钱并没有用于发展，而是流向了贪婪的政客和各级官员的口袋，他们一心想着中饱私囊。

Tanmay Anand

Most Indian states have only one or two developed cities because of lack of proper planning of exsting cities. India has an agrarian economy, which means the majority of it’s economy is dependent on agriculture, which is mainly focused in the rural areas. Many people are unwelcoming of urbanisation, and even if urbanisation is happening, it is occuring in a very haphazard manner. Even these already developed cities are not developed if you compare it to other urban cities.

由于缺乏对现有城市的合理规划，印度大多数邦只有一两个发达城市。印度现在还是农业经济，这意味着印度经济依赖农业，而农业主要集中在农村地区。许多人不欢迎城市化，就算正在慢慢推进城市化，也是非常随意、没有规划的。现有的发达城市和其他城市相比，也算不上发达。

Another factor is money. Money is a problem for many state governments, for eg, the Karnataka state government citied insufficient funds to complete key projects in the vicinity of Bengaluru.

Another problem is the mafia. One minister in the Karnataka government, R Ashok, said that he is facing difficulties in bringing illegally occupied lands under the control of the government.

The rapid rise in population also affects urbanisation, it decreases the standard of living, increases the number of slums, and also has a negative impact on the environment.

还有一个因素是钱。对许多邦政府来说，钱是一个棘手的问题，卡纳塔克邦政府就表示资金短缺，无法完成班加罗尔附近的重要建设工程。

另一个问题是黑手党。卡纳塔克邦政府的一名部长阿肖克表示，他很难将被非法占领的土地收归政府控制。

人口的迅速增长也影响了城市化，降低了城市生活水平，增加了贫民窟的数量，也对环境产生了负面影响。