Why doesn't India have cool skyscrapers like the USA, Dubai, Singapore, China, etc.
为什么印度没有美国、迪拜、新加坡和中国那样的摩天楼？
以下是Quora网友的评论：
Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
Lets say we have plot of land. There is a specific number of floors we can built of a specific area. This is called FSI.
It varies in India from 1.08 to 3.25
So lets say you want to build a Skyscraper (Min 75 floors) each floor having 10000 Sft that gives you 10000*75= 7,50,000 Sft
So if the Skyscraper has to be built even in a place where FSI is 3.75 , you will need = 750000/3.75=200000 Sft = 4.5 Acres approxmately
假设我们有一块土地，我们可以在这块土地上建造特定数量的楼层，这叫做FSI。
在印度，FSI从1.08到3.25不等。
假设你想建造一座摩天大楼(最少75层)，每层有10000平方英尺，那么建筑面积就是10000*75= 750,000平方英尺
因此，如果要在FSI为3.75的地方建造摩天大楼，您将需要大约= 750000/3.75=200000 Sft = 4.5英亩的土地
In India with our Population and urban density, do you think you can find 4.5 Acres of land to build a 75 floor building of 7,50,000 Sft
Since 2018, Mumbai has designated 4 Areas with 20 FSI meaning that the above building only needs 0.75 Acres instead of 4.5 Acres.
在印度，看看我们的人口和城市密度，你觉得能找到一块4.5英亩的土地来建造一座高75层、面积75万平方英尺的建筑吗？
自2018年以来，孟买已经选定了4个拥有FSI值为20的地块，这意味着上述建筑只需要0.75英亩用地，占地不需要4.5英亩那么多。
The Second reason is Cost of Construction.
Most Skyscrapers use 0.7 Steel while most of our buildings use Reinforced Concrete. This drives up the cost by 4.35 times due to Importing 0.7 Steel.
Also Steel work is specialized and you need workers who can handle it. We lack such a numerous workforce. Most of such workforces are in Infrastructure projects.
Due to this a Skyscraper of 50 Floors and 4,20,000 SFT would end up costing Rs. 10000 Crore. This means you have to sell each Flat/Space for 40–75 Crore to be able to make a profit.
第二个原因是建设成本。
大多数摩天大楼使用的是0.7钢，而我们印度的大多数建筑使用钢筋混凝土。进口的0.7钢材使得成本增加了4.35倍。
此外，钢结构搭建是专业工作，需要熟练工人。我们这类劳动力不足。
所以一座高50层、面积42万平方英尺的摩天大楼将耗资1000亿卢比，每套公寓的售价必须高于4-7.5亿卢比才能盈利。
Only Mumbai Wealthy can afford to buy such flats in big numbers.
Can you imagine 1000 people in Coimbatore or Bhubaneswar being able to afford such flats?
So you see most countries that have skyscrapers have at least one of the below:-
Are very Rich - UAE, HK,
Have their own Good steel in huge quantities -Japan, China, USA
Have a lot of Urban Land (Chicago 1970s, USA 1960s)
只有孟买的富人才足够多，才能买得起这样的公寓。
哥印拜陀或布巴内斯瓦尔能有1000人买得起这样的公寓？
所以拥有摩天大楼的国家中，大多数都至少满足以下一项条件：
非常富有—比如阿联酋、香港、
可以生产大量优质钢材—比如日本、中国、美国
拥有大量城市用地(芝加哥70年代，美国60年代)
We sadly have none of the above.
We do have a few tall buildings in Mumbai of around 75–80 Floors So your question should be Why doesnt India.outside.of Mumbai have any Skyscrapers?
很遗憾，上述条件我们一项都不满足。
孟买确实有一些75-80层的高楼，所以你的问题应该改成，为什么孟买之外的印度城市没有摩天大楼？
Daksh Lakhmara
One reason very few people mention is that most Indian skyscrapers are built for residential purposes, which tend to be less attractive than glass commerical skyscrapers.
10 of 10 tallest buildings in India are residential. But A significant number of high rises in countries like China, Japan, US are built for commercial purposes.
很少有人提及的一个原因是，大多数印度摩天大楼是住宅，没有玻璃外墙的商业摩天大楼吸引人。
印度最高的10座建筑全都是住宅。但在中国、日本、美国等国家，大量的高层建筑都是商业地产。
Shabarinath Nair
Few answers in Quora to this same question and in various blogs has claimed that India's archaic FSI restrictions is the reason behind this.
F.S.I basically is something that restricts the height of buildings.
Quora上回答此类问题的人不多，很多人都说是因为印度过时的FSI限制。
FSI从根本上说是限制建筑高度的指标。
Indian cities usually have it at an average of 1.5, while all cities with massive skyscrapers have huge FSI at a range of 10–20.
Many people cite this as the reason and put the blame on this. But then what about Hyderabad?? It is the only Indian city with absolutely no restrictions on FSI. And what are the results?
It just has 2 buildings above 150 meter (the commonly agreed height to be deemed as a skyscraper). In comparison, Mumbai with the FSI restrictions has at least 40+ buildings above the height of 200 metres!
印度城市的平均FSI为1.5，而拥有摩天大楼的所有城市的FSI都在10-20之间。
很多人于是把责任归咎到FSI上。那海德拉巴呢？它是印度唯一一个完全没有FSI限制的城市。结果如何呢？
海得拉巴至今也只有2座150米以上的建筑(所谓摩天大楼的门槛高度)。相比之下，有FSI限制的孟买至少还有40多座200米以上的建筑呢！
So what is the actual reason then?
那么真正的原因是什么呢？
Economic Considerations
Construction of these buildings requires an extravagant amount of money because of their need for sophisticated foundations, structural systems to carry high wind loads, and high-tech mechanical, electrical, elevator, and fire-resistant systems. Skyscrapers also have higher operational costs such as high energy consumption, elevator maintenance, and emergency response preparedness.
India is by far still a develo country.
经济因素
建造摩天大楼需要大量的资金，因为它们需要复杂的地基，能承受高风荷载的结构系统，以及高科技的机械、电气、电梯和防火系统。摩天大楼的运营成本也更高，如电力消耗、电梯维护和应急响应准备等。
印度目前仍是一个发展中国家。
Civic Infrastructure
Due to the density of population that skyscrapers create, demand for transportation and infrastructure are greatly increased. Proper planning to alleviate traffic congestion typically requires large public works and construction projects. A new skyscraper will also place additional load on the exsting power grid, water supply, and sewer systems.
We already know how much of a mess the Indian administration is in these factors. Our Urban planning capabilities is still average and the government doesn’t care to improve them. Almost all of the tax we pay is used to give out freebies instead of focussing on Infrastructure development which could have automatically reduced poverty.
市政基础设施
由于摩天大楼会带来更稠密的人口，所在地区的交通和基础设施压力大大增加。需要规划来纾缓交通拥堵，通常需要进行大型公共工程和建筑工程建设。一座新的摩天大楼也会给现有的电网、供水和排污系统带来额外的负荷。
印度政府在这些方面都十分混乱。我们的城市规划能力止步不前，政府也未曾努力提高。我们缴纳的几乎所有税款都用来发放免费赠品，而非用于基础设施建设，基础设施建设本来可以自动降低贫困的。
Socio-Cultural Factors
Many scholars have expressed concerns about the socio-psychological impacts of living in high-rise housing. While high-rise housing may be desirable for single people and couples, it may be less desirable for a family with children. Culturally, India is a nation where family and living are given utmost priority. Poking into other’s business is an inherent part of our tradition. How can we practise this in isolated homes? :P
社会文化因素
许多学者都对在高层住宅中居住的社会心理影响表示担忧。虽然高层住宅可能适合单身人士和夫妇，但它可能不太适合有孩子的家庭。在文化上，印度是一个以家庭和生活为重的国家。
Many people may argue why does India need skyscrapers? we have many important things to care about. Let’s reduce poverty first, look at Europe do they have skyscrapers in spite of being developed?? etc.
But is India Europe? More and more people are drastically getting out of the pangs of poverty each day.
More people are settling in Urban cities from rural areas in search of better opportunities. Land prices are rising every minute. And India’s population density in our major cities like Mumbai is already a concern. Building or the creation of more infrastructure in order to ensure India can tackle a housing crisis in the near future is absolutely necessary.
很多人还可能会问，为什么印度需要摩天大楼？我们还有很多重要的事情需要操心。我们先减少贫困吧，看看欧洲，虽然欧洲经济也很发达，但他们有摩天大楼吗？
印度能跟欧洲比吗？
越来越多的人从农村来到城市，寻找更好的机会。土地价格一路飙升。印度的主要城市，比如孟买，人口密度已经令人担忧。为了确保印度能够在不久的将来解决住房危机，建设更多的基础设施是绝对必要的措施。
Kousik Dutta
Why a skyscraper needed in a city? Why do peoples want to make their home in the cities?. Because of the economic reason, to study in a good school, colleges, a business organisation presence etc.
A country people want to make comfortable its life and want to take the economic opportunity.
为什么城市需要摩天大楼？为什么人们想在城市安家？无非是为了赚钱，为了去好学校读书，为了好的商业配套等等。
普通百姓追求的就是舒适的生活，希望抓住经济机会。
Peoples tend to come to a city and want to live in a central area of cities But, the land is limited but buyer much more and naturally the price of the land will increase, peoples, made tall building and made more in a small land.
People get more space in a small land, because of the tallest building, definition of a tall building changes in human history, from the USA to Hongkong in China,
人们向往城市，想要住在城市的中心区域，但是，城市的土地有限，买家越来越多，土地价格自然会上涨，于是人们只能在小块土地上建造高楼大厦。
因为高楼大厦的出现，人们在小块土地上获得了更多的居住空间。在人类历史上，高楼大厦的定义也历经了变化。
A 10th-floor building once called a tall building to more than 492 ft ( 150 mt) called a skyscraper now.
Although in India, peoples move to the city but economically not compete against China or the USA.
So those countries have many skyscrapers not in Indian cities.
过去10层的建筑就可以称为高层建筑，但现在超过150米的高楼才能被称为摩天大楼。
虽然印度人搬到城市生活，但在经济上还是无法与中国或美国竞争。
所以这些国家有很多摩天大楼，而印度的城市没有。
Hongkong has more than 482 skyscraper presence now that more than 150 mt in height.
Shenzhen has more than 297 skyscraper presence.
New York has more than 290 skyscraper presence.
Two Indian cities presence in more than 100 cities in the world, as more than ten skyscrapers presence, whose height more than 150 meters or 492 ft,
Mumbai
and
Kolkata.
香港有超过482座摩天大楼。
深圳有超过297座摩天大楼。
纽约有超过290座摩天大楼。
印度也有两个城市有10座以上高度超过150米或492英尺的摩天大楼。
那就是：
孟买
和
加尔各答。
Mumbai has 55 building height of more than 492ft and, Kolkata has 12 building height more than 492 ft.
Mumbai stands twenty-two number position and, Kolkata stands eight-five.
In Mumbai, another forty-third building as skyscrapers in construction or hold,
In Kolkata, another eight-ten building as skyscrapers in construction, hold or proposed.
Gurugram is the next contender as Skyscrapers city in India.
孟买有55座建筑高度超过492英尺，加尔各答有12座建筑高度超过492英尺。
孟买排名22，加尔各答排名85。
孟买目前有43座摩天大楼正在建设中，
加尔各答目前还有一座八十座摩天大楼正在建设中。
古鲁葛拉姆是印度摩天大楼之城的下一个竞争者。
Ferit Öztünç
India does have some impressive skyscrapers, such as the World One tower in Mumbai, which is one of the tallest residential buildings in the world. However, the number of skyscrapers in India is relatively low compared to some other countries, and there are several reasons for this.
印度确实有一些令人印象深刻的摩天大楼，比如孟买的世界一号大厦，它是全球最高的住宅楼之一。但和其他国家相比，印度的摩天大楼数量相对较少，原因有以下几个：
One reason is the lack of available land in major cities, which makes it difficult to build tall structures. Additionally, building tall structures requires significant investment in infrastructure, including roads, water supply, and sewage systems. Many cities in India face challenges in providing basic infrastructure to their citizens, and this can make it difficult to prioritize investments in large-scale construction projects.
其中一个原因是印度大城市缺乏可用的土地，难以建造高层建筑。此外，建造高层建筑需要在基础设施方面进行大量投资，包括道路、供水和污水处理系统。印度许多城市的基础设施不够完善，不太可能优先考虑大型建设项目的投资。
Another factor is the regulatory environment in India, which can be challenging and slow-moving. The process of obtaining permits and approvals for large-scale construction projects can be lengthy and complex, which can discourage developers from investing in tall buildings.
另一个因素是印度的法律环境，建筑工程实施难度大，而且进展缓慢。大型建设项目的建设许可和审批过程可能十分漫长、复杂，打击了开发商投资高层建筑的意愿。
Finally, there are also cultural factors to consider. Historically, India has placed more emphasis on traditional building styles and materials, and there may be less of a cultural preference for modern skyscrapers.
Overall, while India does not have as many skyscrapers as some other countries, there are several factors that contribute to this, including land constraints, infrastructure challenges, regulatory hurdles, and cultural preferences.
最后，还有文化因素也需要考虑。从历史上看，印度更推崇传统的建筑风格，不太喜欢现代摩天大楼。
总体而言，印度没有那么多摩天大楼是因为若干因素导致的，包括土地限制、基础设施挑战、监管障碍和文化偏好。
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