How was Genghis Khan finally defeated? What happened to his empire?

成吉思汗最后是如何被打败的？他的帝国发生了什么？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Susanna Viljanen

He fell off a horse, drunken like a pig, and died, in the age of 65 in 1227.

First generation builds, second generation upkeeps and third generation destroys. His empire was enlarged considerably during his son and successor Ögödei Khan (1227–1241). Three more Great Khans followed - Güyük (1246–1248), Möngke (1251–1259) and Kubilai (1260–1294), who were all the grandsons of Genghis.

他酩酊大醉后从马上摔下，于1227年去世，享年65岁。

祖辈打江山，父辈守江山，第三代毁江山。在他的儿子和继任者窝阔台汗(1227-1241)期间，他的帝国得到了相当大的扩张，后来又有三位大汗——贵由(1246-1248)、蒙哥(1251-1259)和忽必烈(1260-1294)，他们都是成吉思汗的孙子。

The khanate disintegrated de facto after the death of Möngke and de jure after death of Kubilai. The successor states were Golden Horde in Russia, Il-Khanate in Persia, Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia and Mongolia Proper, and Yüan Dynasty in China. None of these successor states were long-lived: the first to collapse was Il-Khanate in 1339, then Yüan in 1354, Golden Horde in 1502 and Chagatai Khanate in 1513.

After the collapse of Chagatai Khanate, the Mongols had been pushed back to what is today’s Mongolia.

蒙哥死后，汗国已经名存实亡，在忽必烈死后正式瓦解。继承国是俄罗斯的金帐汗国、波斯的伊尔汗国、中亚和蒙古的察合台汗国以及中国的元朝。这些继承国的寿命都不长：第一个瓦解的是1339年的伊尔汗国，然后是1354年的元帝国, 1502年的金帐汗国和1513年的查合台汗国。

察合台汗国灭亡后，蒙古人被赶回了今天的蒙古。

George Hu

Related

Did Genghis Khan lose battles?

Genghis Khan had indeed lost battles; no ruler could win forever and he was no exception. The most notable loss he suffered from was the Battle of Thirteen Wings in 1190.

Jamukha was a rival leader of the Mongol tribes. It was said that he was the sworn brother of Temuin (Genghis Khan) in their youth. When Temuin’s wife was abducted by the Merkit tribe, Jamukha was one of the leaders who helped him.

成吉思汗打输过仗吗？

成吉思汗确实输过；没有哪个统治者能常胜不败，他也不例外。他输得最惨的一次是1190年的十三翼之战。

札木卡是蒙古一个敌对部落的领袖。据说，他是铁木真(成吉思汗)年轻时的结拜兄弟。当铁木真的妻子被蔑儿乞部落绑架时，札木卡是曾帮助过他的领导人之一。

However, Temuin became more and more powerful and some of Jamukha’s followers switched to his side, especially because Temuin reward his soldiers with a meritocratic system.

Eventually, Jamukha became hostile to Temuin and came to see that Temuin was his rival in conquest. He decided to gather up his army and attack his former brother before he became too powerful. Thus the two engaged in a war known as the Battle of Thirteen Wings, as Temuin divided his forces into 13 squadrons.

但铁木真变得越来越强大，更因为铁木真任人唯贤，赏识部下，一些札木卡的追随者转而支持铁木真。

札木卡最后对铁木真产生了敌意，意识到铁木真是他的对手。札木卡集结军队，决定在铁木真势不可挡之前攻打曾经的兄弟。两人之间进行了十三翼之战，铁木真将他的部队分成了13个中队。

It was said that Temuin was overconfident with his recently expanded army and thought he could have engaged in directly war with Jamukha, but he failed and much of his forces were defeated by Jamukha’s superior fighting force. Fortunately, Temuin planned ahead and retreated to the valley near Onon River where he could defend in safety.

However, Jamukha did something extremely cruel after his victory. He gathered the prisoners of war and mass executed them by cooking. This act of cruelty caused him to lose his reputation amongst the other Mongol tribes, and ironically even more of his followers began to switch to Temuin’s side.

据说铁木对军队的扩充过于自负,认为自己可以直接和札木卡开战，但结果他失败了,他的军队主力被札木卡的精兵击败。幸运的是，铁木真提前布局，撤退到乌农河附近的山谷进行防守。

札木卡在获胜后做了一件极其残忍的事情。他把战俘聚集起来，把他们集体煮死。这种残忍的行为使他在其他蒙古部落中名誉扫地，讽刺的是，他的很多追随者因此开始转而支持铁木真。

In 1204, Temuin was eventually able to defeat Jamukha, who was captured and turned in by his servants. Temuin killed these servants for betraying their lord, and asked if his brother had any requests, possibly wanting to spare his life. Jamukha only requested if he could be sentenced to a bloodless execution (one version stated he was hung by his own bowstring; another said he was bagged and trampled to death by horses; a third theory was that he had his spine broken).

1204年，铁木真最终打败了札木卡，札木卡被他的仆人抓住并出卖。铁木真杀了这些仆人，因为他们背叛了自己的主人，他问札木卡有什么要求，可能也想饶他一命。札木卡只提出希望对自己采取不流血的处决方式(一种说法是他被自己的弓弦吊死；另一个说法是他被装进袋子，被马踩踏而死；第三种说法是他的脊椎被折断而死)。

Desmond Ng

Related

How can I stop Genghis Khan from conquering my empire? I am the emperor of the Song dynasty and I need tips to defeat the Mongol army.

Raise the walls and burn the grass.

This above sounds like a bad translation of a Chinese war novel but that's what you need to do. Here's why.

我要如何阻止成吉思汗征服我的帝国？

筑墙烧草。

这听起来好像中国战争小说的粗陋翻译，但这真的是好办法。原因如下：

Mongolians rely overwhelmingly on horses. They had the largest horse:soldier ratio in history, sometimes as many as 7:1. But, these have one weakness. They feed on grass. When the mongols invade, burn every field you can, and perhaps leave some to draw them to an area where they can be ambushed. The main difference is that you can feed your horses on wheat, feeding your strength on their greatest weakness.

蒙古人非常依赖马匹。他们拥有史上最大的马：兵比例，有时高达7:1，但这就出现了一个弱点：马匹以草为食。当蒙古人入侵时，尽你所能烧毁所有的草场，也许可以留下一小块地，将他们诱骗到伏击之地。主要的区别在于，你可以用小麦喂马，用你最大的优势对付他们最大的弱势。

Also, you should build fortresses everywhere. Yes. Don't build one massive city fortress to house every troop, build dozens and scatter them everywhere. Why? You see, the Mongols rely on deep strikes into open ground to quickly capture strategic targets, while rear units mop up. But the reason they struggled upon reaching Europe is that in Europe, castles are everywhere. Rear units soon outnumbered the ones supposed to be fighting since they often had to besiege multiple targets.

另外，你还要在各地建立城堡。没错，别只建一个安顿所有士兵的巨大城堡，相反，你要建几十个城堡，分散于各个地方。为什么呢？你想想，蒙古人依靠突击挺进开阔之地来快速俘获战略目标，再由后方部队负责扫荡。但他们在欧洲进展受挫的原因就是欧洲有无处不在的城堡。后方部队的人数很快超过了作战部队，因为他们经常需要包围多个目标。

Also, use your numbers to your advantage. The castles I mentioned? Be generous. Fill them with large garrisons. The Chinese often outnumbered the Mongols 3:1, but squandered it on trying to concentrating them in one spot (seems counter intuitive, but hear me out.) The Mongols excel at maneuvers, this is the prime method of destroying larger armies, outmaneuvering them, but their weakness is their lack of numbers. Ensure these castles are well manned, forcing Mongolians to send large numbers to guard them. This also slows them down, robbing them of their greatest asset - speed. With this gone the Mongols are forced to wage a war of attrition, one which they can never hope to win.

此外，利用你们的兵力优势。还记得我提到的那些城堡吗？让大批守军驻扎在城堡中。中国人的兵力常常达到蒙古的3倍。蒙古人擅长机动，这是摧毁规模更大的敌军的主要方法，但他们的弱点也是兵力较少。派兵驻守这些城堡，迫使蒙古人派遣大批人马防守。这也能拖慢他们的速度，力克他们最大的资产—速度。只要蒙古人被迫进行消耗战，他们就毫无胜算了。

Majd Nesreddine

Genghis Khan's reign was marked by remarkable military conquests, innovative tactics, and a strict code of discipline within his army. He united the Mongol tribes and expanded his empire through relentless campaigns. Yet, despite his military prowess, his empire faced challenges that ultimately led to its decline.

成吉思汗的统治取得了非凡的军事成就，采取一系列创新策略，军队管理纪律严明。他统一了蒙古各部落，并通过无情征战扩大了帝国版图。虽然他拥有强大的军事实力，但他的帝国面临诸多挑战，最终导致了衰败。

One crucial factor in Genghis Khan's defeat was his own death in 1227. Although the exact circumstances remain shrouded in mystery, it is widely believed that he died in battle or due to injuries sustained in warfare. His death left a significant power vacuum, as he had been the charismatic and unifying force behind the Mongol Empire.

成吉思汗战败的一个关键因素是他自己在1227年身亡。虽然具体情况至今仍是一个谜，但人们普遍认为他是在战斗中身亡或在战争中受伤的。他的去世留下了一个重要的权力真空，因为长期以来他都是蒙古帝国背后的统一力量。

Following his death, his empire continued to expand under his successors, notably his sons and grandsons, who carried on his legacy. However, this rapid expansion eventually led to the stretching of Mongol resources and overextension of their territories. Managing such an extensive empire proved increasingly difficult.

他死后，他的帝国在继任者—尤其是儿子和孙子的领导下继续扩张，他们继承了他的遗志。但这种快速的扩张最终导致了蒙古资源和领土的过度扩张。事实证明，管理如此庞大的帝国，难度越来越大。

Internally, succession disputes and infighting among Genghis Khan's descendants weakened the unity of the empire. This fragmentation allowed external powers to exploit the divisions within the Mongol ranks. The most notable example of this was the European campaign, where the Mongols, under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan, invaded Eastern Europe. Their conquests included significant victories in Hungary and Poland. However, the death of the Great Khan Ögedei in 1241 forced Batu Khan to withdraw his forces from Europe, marking a turning point in the expansion of the Mongol Empire.

成吉思汗后代之间的继承纠纷和内讧也削弱了帝国的统一。这种分裂使外部势力得以趁虚而入。最著名的例子就是欧洲战役，成吉思汗的孙子拔都汗率领蒙古人入侵东欧。他们获得了匈牙利和波兰的重要胜利。但窝阔台大汗在1241年去世，迫使拔都汗从欧洲撤军，这也标志着蒙古帝国扩张的一个转折点。

In addition to internal strife, external factors contributed to the eventual defeat of the Mongols. The emergence of powerful adversaries, such as the Mamluks in Egypt and the Khwarezm Empire, challenged Mongol supremacy in different regions. The Mamluks decisively defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, preventing further expansion into the Middle East. Similarly, the Khwarezm Empire's resistance in the early 13th century weakened the Mongol forces in the western part of their empire.

除了内乱之外，外部因素也推动了蒙古人的最终失败。强大的对手纷纷涌现，如埃及的马穆鲁克和花剌子模帝国，在不同地区都对蒙古的霸权形成了威胁。在1260年的艾因札鲁特战役中，马穆鲁克人果断地击败了蒙古人，阻止了蒙古人进一步向中东扩张。同样，花剌子模帝国在13世纪早期的抵抗也削弱了帝国西部的蒙古军队。

The most significant blow to the Mongol Empire came in the late 13th century when the Yuan Dynasty, established by Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan in China, faced numerous revolts and rebellions. This internal strife, coupled with the formidable defenses of the Southern Song Dynasty, ultimately led to the withdrawal of Mongol forces from China.

By the mid-14th century, the Mongol Empire had splintered into several separate khanates, including the Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, and Chagatai Khanate, each controlling different regions. These khanates gradually fell under the influence of neighboring powers.

蒙古帝国遭受的最重大打击发生在13世纪晚期，成吉思汗的孙子忽必烈在中国建立的元朝面临着无数的叛乱和起义。这场内乱，加上南宋强大的防御，最终导致蒙古军队从中国撤退。

到14世纪中期，蒙古帝国已经分裂为几个独立的汗国，包括金帐汗国、伊尔汗国和察合台汗国，每个汗国控制着不同的地区。这些汗国逐渐受到邻国势力的影响。

Wi4hj4keod

Genghis wasn't defeated. He just died mysteriously. And about his empire, it was gradually broken down into the golden horde, IIkhanate, chaghadai khanate and yuan dynasty and they fought among themselves mostly the the IIkhanate and the golden horde. The mongol factions in the west (IIkhanate and golden horde) accept Islam and become Muslims. After some time, the Yuan dynasty ended with an uprising, IIkhanate was disbanded after its last khan died of black death. The golden horde, like the mongol empire, was broken down into smaller factions.

成吉思汗并不是被打败的，他只是神秘地去世了。他的帝国慢慢分裂成了金帐汗国,伊尔汗国, 察合台汗国和元朝，他们内斗不休。元朝在一场起义中灭亡，伊尔汗国在最后一个可汗死于黑死病后瓦解。金帐汗国，就像蒙古帝国一样，也被分裂成了诸多小派系。

Nitin Kumar

Genghis Khan, the founder and leader of the Mongol Empire, died in 1227, but his empire continued to expand under his successors. It was during the reign of his grandson, Kublai Khan, that the Mongol Empire reached its peak. However, the empire eventually declined and disintegrated for various reasons.

After Kublai Khan's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire faced internal conflicts and power struggles among his descendants. This weakened the empire and led to the fragmentation of its territories.

成吉思汗是蒙古帝国的创始人和领袖，他于1227年去世，但他的帝国在继任者的领导下继续扩张。统治期间,他的孙子忽必烈让蒙古帝国达到了顶峰。但由于种种原因，蒙古帝国最终衰败并瓦解了。

1294年忽必烈去世后，他的后代之间爆发权力斗争，帝国内部冲突不断。这削弱了帝国的实力，导致了领土分裂。