How did China manage to build a much better infrastructure than Brazil or Mexco when it has become even comparable to these countries in terms of GDP per capita only very recently?

中国是如何成功打造出比巴西和墨西哥发达得多的基础设施的？以人均GDP论，中国才刚刚赶上这些国家。

以下是Quora网友的评论：

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China has managed to build a much better infrastructure than Brazil and Mexco due to a combination of factors. One of the main reasons is that China has had a strong central government that has been able to invest heavily in infrastructure projects. Additionally, China has had a large and rapidly growing population, which has led to high demand for infrastructure. Furthermore, China has also been able to take advantage of its low labor costs and abundant natural resources to build infrastructure at a lower cost than other countries. Finally, China has also been able to attract significant foreign investment, which has helped to fund infrastructure projects.

在各种因素的综合作用下，中国已经成功打造出了比巴西和墨西哥更好的基础设施。其中一个主要原因是，中国拥有一个强大的中央政府，能够为基础设施项目大举投资。此外，中国拥有庞大且快速增长的人口，公众对基础设施的需求也较高。此外，中国还能够利用低廉的劳动力成本和丰富的自然资源，用低于其他国家的成本建设基础设施。最后，中国还能吸引大量外国投资，为基础设施项目提供资金。

John Beasley

There are a lot of political and cultural answers here, but one major issue I haven’t seen addressed is Geopolitics, in this instance the geography of both Brazil and Mexco is very different from the core of China. Geopolitics has an enormous influence on how a region develops over time, and is a better explanation than mere political, socio-racial or other factors.

很多答案提到了政治和文化，但我没有看到有人提及很重要的一点：地缘政治，巴西和墨西哥的地理位置与中国非常不同。随着时间的推移，地缘政治对一个地区的发展发挥了巨大的影响，可以比单纯的政治、社会种族或其他因素更好地解释这一个问题。

China is an extremely powerful and populous core territory (around Beiing) that waxes and wanes. At its peaks (contemporary China is in such a peak), it exerts military control over the economically prosperous coastal and navigable river trading cities in the south. For China, expanding infrastructure is a critical task that allows Beiing to continue to control the more independence-minded southern cities, and integrate into a single unified society. Many of the modern infrastructure projects are continuations of plans that predate the .

中国是一个实力强大、人口密度高的国家，经历过多次兴衰。在其鼎盛时期(现在的中国也处于这样的鼎盛时期)，中国对南方经济繁荣的沿海地区和通航的河流贸易城市实施军事管控。对中国来说，扩大基础设施是一项重要任务,可以让北京继续控制有独立思想的南方城市，促进统一社会的融合。许多现代基础设施项目都是过往政府规划项目的延续。

Brazil by contrast has a very difficult geography for infrastructure. Like much of South America, it has sheer cliffs along its coast that make it difficult to develop infrastructure. In some cases it is physically impossible and most of the time it is uneconomic. This leads to a situation where economic success at scale requires heavy investment (someone already has to be wealthy). You might recognize a situation where a few very wealthy people employ thousands of workers at subsistence wages as colonialist, and you’d be right. Despite throwing off the chains of European colonialism, Brazil and many other Latin American nations still depend on colonial-like economic structures that can’t help but create resentment. Since South American countries are largely free from external threats (thanks to their geographical isolation and the large, relatively non-interventionist western hegemon), they cycle through periods where the wealthy exploit the poor until the poor have enough and rise up until they run out of rich resources to take, then decide to invite the rich to invest again.

相比之下，巴西的基础设施建设在地理位置上很难实现。像南美，沿海地区的悬崖绝壁上很难开发基础设施。这在工程施工上不可能实现，而且大多数时候都不经济。

于是这就导致了一种情况，即大规模的经济成功需要大量投资。你可能会发现一个情况，一些非常富有的人用最低工资雇佣数千名工人，就像殖民*义者一样，你是对的。

尽管早已摆脱欧洲殖民*义的枷锁，但巴西和许多其他拉丁美洲国家仍然依赖殖民地经济结构，难免引发民愤。

南美国家在很大程度上都没有外部威胁(因为地理隔绝，领土面积大)，富人剥削穷人，直到穷人奋起反抗，直到他们耗尽丰富的资源，然后再度邀请富人进行投资。

Mexco is another difficult geography, it has disunited zones that join at Mexco City. There won’t be any bullet trains through the Sonora for the same reason there will never be a high-speed rail line from Reno to Salt Lake City - there isn’t enough population to justify it. The jungle mountains in the south of Mexco are likewise impassable and do not justify heavy infrastructural spending. It has similar coastal mountain problems to South America. It has no major rivers for dams. If you were to build a high speed rail line, it would just go from Vera Cruz to Mexco City, but it would have to go across some steep elevation changes to do it. Considering the limitations, their infrastructure is pretty good!

墨西哥在地理上也很困难，墨西哥城周围还有一些分裂地区。索诺拉不会通高铁，里诺到盐湖城也不会通高铁，因为沿途缺乏足够的人口。墨西哥南部的丛林山脉同样无法通车，也不值得为基础设施上投入大量资金。它与南美洲国家一样，都有着类似的沿海山地问题。它没有可以修建水坝的主要河流。如果要建高铁，只能从韦拉克鲁斯到墨西哥城，但沿途海拔变化极大。考虑到各种局限性，现有的基础设施已经相当不错了！

Neither Brazil nor Mexco will likely ever invest in the kinds of infrastructural projects that modern China does. The need and political will aren’t there, and likely will never be. China must build infrastructure to avoid collapse. South American elites see no reason to build anything not strictly necessary for colonial resource extraction, and proletariat-focused revolutions aren’t good at long term building or maintenance.

巴西和墨西哥可能都不会投建中国式的基础设施项目，他们没有这种需求和政治意愿，而且很可能永远都不会有。中国必须建设基础设施以避免经济崩盘。但南美洲的精英们认为他们没有理由建造任何对殖民资源开采可有可无的东西，以无产阶级为中心的革命也不擅长筹划长期建设或维护。

Thomas Pauken II

Social stability does and will always play a tremendous role in the building of the country’s infrastructure. Mexco and Brazil have long suffered under the negative impact of corrupt governments, rampant crime waves and overwhelming poverty and it may seem impossible to overcome that for the moment.

You have a huge income inequality gap in Mexco where the richest 10% of the population own over 90% of the nation’s wealth. Whereas in Brazil, you had less extremes with income inequality, but the criminal gangs and drugs syndicates were just as bad as Mexco if not worse.

在国家基础设施建设中，社会稳定发挥着巨大的作用。墨西哥和巴西长期以来一直深受腐败政府、猖獗的犯罪浪潮和严重贫困的负面影响，目前似乎还无法克服这些影响。

墨西哥的收入差距极大，10%最富有的人拥有全国90%的财富。巴西的收入不平等现象虽没有那么严重，但犯罪团伙和毒品集团和墨西哥一样猖獗。

Accordingly, there’s no way to construct amazing infrastructure under such circumstances. The best you can hope for would be that on occasion voters would elect reformist leaders who pledge to crackdown on corruption, fight back against criminality and to restore the domestic economy.

Brazilian President Jair Bolsanaro appears to be the right leader for his country at the moment as he was popularly elected on a campaign platform to reform the country and so far he has succeeded.

因此，在这种情况下，两国没有办法打造出色的基础设施。你能想到的最好结果是选民偶尔能选出承诺打击腐败、打击犯罪并恢复国内经济的改革派领导人。

巴西总统似乎是合格的国家领导人，他凭借国家改革的口号在竞选平台上获得了民众的普选，到目前为止他已经成功了。

I had an opportunity to visit the US last week, as of the time of writing - Dec. 18 - and had spoken with a number of tax drivers who came from the Latin-American region. I asked them about the recent political turmoil and rioting there and they explained that corrupt governments were largely to blame and local citizens are getting fed up.

Nonetheless, when I asked if there was any good news or signs of hope from the South American continent, many responded that Brazil stood out and Bolsanaro is making his country great again.

在我写下这篇文章(12月18日)的前一周，我有机会去了趟美国，跟一些来自拉丁美洲地区的出租车司机进行过交谈。我问起他们国内的政治动荡和骚乱，他们解释说腐败的政府是这些骚乱的主要原因，当地公民已经非常厌烦了。

但当我问南美大陆有没有好消息或希望时，许多人回答说，巴西很不错，博尔萨纳罗正带领巴西走上复兴之路。

They explained that he might be very tough and upholds strong social conservative opinions, but many Brazilians do agree with him on such issues and they know he is fighting for them. He’s a lot like the Brazilian-version of US President Donald. J. Trump and he remains very popular with voters there.

Therefore, Brazil has a much better opportunity to reform its government and to embark on building major infrastructure to revitalize the national economy.

他们说博尔萨纳罗也许非常强硬，坚持强势的社会保守派观点，但许多巴西人确实在这些问题上认同他的观点，知道他是在为巴西民众而战。他很像巴西版的美国总统唐纳德·J·特朗普，在选民中很受欢迎。

因此，巴西更有望改革其政府并着手建设主要的基础设施，振兴国民经济。

We can anticipate much better ties between the two countries, while China’s Central government continues to endorse and fund Belt & Road joint projects in the Latin-American region. You can learn more about i and Bolsanaro meeting each other in the past few months.

我们可以预期，两国之间的关系会更好，而中国也会继续支持和资助拉丁美洲地区的“一带一路”建设项目。

As reported by the Star:

“China and Brazil announced a list of agreements including an accord to allow the transfer of convicted prisoners between the two countries to serve their sentences, protocols to allow an expansion of the fruit trade and broad memorandums of understanding to cooperate on transportation, investment and the service sector.

《星报》上有一篇相关文章

据《星报》报道：

中国和巴西宣布签订了一系列协议，其中包括允许两国移交服刑囚犯，允许扩大水果贸易规模，以及在运输、投资和服务领域合作的广泛谅解备忘录。

Leaders of major develo nations known as BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa - are meeting in Brasilia on Wednesday and Thursday but little in the way of major policy announcements is expected from the sessions.”

That’s forward progress for Brazil and China, but sad to say Mexco appears to remain in a hopeless state right now.

金砖国家—巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非—的领导人将于周三和周四在巴西利亚举行会晤，但预计会后不会宣布什么重大政策。

这对巴西和中国来说是一个进步，但遗憾的是，墨西哥目前似乎仍处于无望的状态。

Kevin Anderson

Land tenure is an important part of the answer.

The network of fast trains that has arisen in the last 15 years in China was made possible in part because Chinese citizens do not own the land outright!

Fast train projects in Indonesia and in Thailand are being thwarted by legal considerations of ownership of land and appropriate compensation.

土地所有权是针对这个问题的一个重要答案。

中国之所以能在过去15年中打造高铁网络，部分原因是中国公民并不完全拥有土地！

目前印尼和泰国的高铁项目就因土地所有权和赔偿款的法律问题而被暂时搁置了。

Claire Wang

Because our different political systems and ideologies.

In China, if the government wants to boost economy growth in rural areas, they will pour millions of money to build infrastructure. There is a old saying from Mao’s era, “If you want to get rich, build roads first.” Decades ago, you can literally see this slogan in every city.

So the logic is basically -

因为我们有着不同的政治制度和意识形态。

在中国，如果政府想要拉动农村地区的经济增长，他们会先投入数百万美元建设基础设施。中国有一句口号：“想致富,先修路。”几十年前，你可以在各个城市看到这句话。

所以逻辑基本上是-

Infrastructure investments cannot create economic potential. There should be enough demand for road first; otherwise, it is a liability and ineffective locate of resources and will result in debts;

Planned economies are bad and inefficient economies, and they undermine power of free market;

A de ocratic govement is alway short of money for Infrastructure projects.Their voters won’t be happy if their money is not to be spent on something that can yield its returns in less than three to five years.

基础设施投资不能创造经济潜力。应该现有足够的道路需求，否则就只是负债和资源的无效配置，将导致沉重的债务问题；

计划经济是一种糟糕而低效的经济，它破坏了自由市场的力量；

政府在基础设施项目上总是面临资金短缺的窘境。如果他们没有把钱花在三到五年内就能产生回报的事情上，他们的选民肯定会有意见。

China (when she was poor): I have the money, let’s build the road and see what happens.

A not-so-rich non-planned economy: I have so little money,I need to avoid debt-traps, bad decisions, and responsibilities. Let’s see what happens and then vote.

中国(困难时期)：我有钱，我们先修路，看看会发生什么。

一个不那么富裕的非计划经济体：我缺钱，我要避免债务陷阱、错误的决定和责任。我们先等等看会发生什么吧，然后投票。

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