Why is the Gupta Empire considered as the Golden age of India and not the Mauryan Empire or Harsha Empire?  What factors led to historians making such conclusions?

为什么印度的黄金时代是笈多帝国，而不是孔雀帝国或哈沙帝国？历史学家为何得出这样的结论？

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The Gupta Empire, which exsted from approxmately 320 to 550 CE, is often considered the "Golden Age" of ancient India due to a number of factors. One major factor is the empire's cultural achievements, which included advancements in art, literature, and science. The Gupta period is also considered a "golden age" due to the empire's strong central government, stability, and prosperity. Additionally, the Gupta emperors were known for their patronage of the arts, which led to a flourishing of literature, music, and visual arts. Many famous works of Indian literature, such as Kalidasa's "Shakuntala" and "Meghaduta", were written during this period. The Gupta period also saw the development of mathematics, including the invention of the concept of zero and the decimal system. In contrast, the Mauryan Empire, which exsted from approxmately 321 to 185 BCE, had a reputation for being a centralized and powerful empire. However, it was not known for its cultural achievements or stability. The Harsha Empire, which exsted from approxmately 606 to 647 CE, was known for its military conquests and imperial expansion, but it was not as stable or prosperous as the Gupta Empire.Overall, historians have concluded that the Gupta Empire was the Golden Age of India due to its cultural achievements, stability, and prosperity.

笈多帝国大约存在于公元320年至550年，由于许多因素被认为是古印度的“黄金时代”。其中一个主要因素是笈多帝国的文化成就，包括艺术、文学和科学的进步。

由于帝国强大的中央政府、稳定和繁荣，笈多时期也被认为是一个“黄金时代”。此外，笈多皇帝鼓励艺术，文学、音乐和视觉艺术出现了欣欣向荣的发展。

许多著名的印度文学作品，如卡利达萨的《沙昆塔拉》和《摩加杜塔》，都是在这一时期完成的。笈多时期也见证了数学的发展，比如零的概念和十进制的发明。

相比之下，大约存在于公元前321年至公元前185年的孔雀帝国，虽然也以中央和强大的帝国而闻名，但其在文化成就和社会稳定方面并不突出。

哈沙帝国大约存在于公元606年至647年，以其军事征服和帝国扩张而闻名，但不像笈多帝国那样稳定和繁荣。总的来说，历史学家认为笈多帝国是印度的黄金时代。

Nitin Kumar

The Gupta Empire is often referred to as the Golden Age of India due to several factors that distinguished it from the Mauryan Empire or the Harsha Empire. While the Mauryan and Harsha empires made significant contributions to Indian history, the Gupta Empire is particularly celebrated for its remarkable achievements in various fields.

One of the key factors that led historians to view the Gupta Empire as the Golden Age is its remarkable cultural and intellectual advancements. The Gupta period witnessed great strides in literature, art, mathematics, science, and philosophy. It was during this time that renowned works such as the plays of Kalidasa and the treatise on mathematics known as the Aryabhatiya were produced. The Gupta rulers were patrons of learning and provided support and encouragement to scholars and intellectuals, leading to a flourishing of knowledge and creativity.

笈多帝国通常被称为印度的黄金时代，有几个因素将它与孔雀帝国或哈沙帝国区分开来。虽然孔雀王朝和哈沙帝国也对印度历史做出了重大贡献，但笈多帝国在各个领域都取得了卓越的成就。

历史学家将笈多帝国视为黄金时代的关键因素之一是其显著的文化和知识进步。笈多帝国时期的文学、艺术、数学、科学和哲学都取得了巨大进步。正是在这段时间里出现了卡利达萨的戏剧和被称为Aryabhatiya的数学论文。笈多统治者也大力资助学术研究，为学者和知识分子提供支持和鼓励，促进了知识和创造力的繁荣发展。

Additionally, the Gupta Empire is recognized for its political stability and efficient administration. Under the Gupta rule, the empire experienced relative peace and prosperity, fostering economic growth and trade. The Gupta rulers implemented effective governance systems, which allowed for efficient tax collection and the maintenance of a well-organized bureaucracy.

Furthermore, the Gupta Empire is credited with fostering a sense of cultural unity and Hindu revival. The empire promoted Hinduism and its associated traditions, making it a dominant religious and cultural force. This emphasis on Hindu values and practices contributed to a sense of cohesion and shared identity among the populace.

While the Mauryan Empire and the Harsha Empire made their own significant contributions, the Gupta Empire's intellectual achievements, political stability, and cultural impact set it apart.

此外，笈多帝国以其政治稳定和高效的管理而闻名。在笈多统治下，帝国经历了相对的和平与繁荣，促进了经济和贸易的增长。笈多统治者实施了有效的治理体系，形成了税收体系和组织有序的官僚机构。

此外，笈多帝国促进了文化统一和印度教复兴，推广印度教，使印度教成为主流宗教和文化势力。这种对印度教价值观和习俗的重视提升了民众之间的凝聚力和认同感。

虽然孔雀帝国和哈沙帝国也做出了重大贡献，但笈多帝国取得的成就、政治稳定和文化影响更胜一筹。

Yuv'raj

Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder. If the beholder is biased,so will the be definition of beauty! This applies to History, irrespective of the period, it is who writes it that counts. Gupta age is that of the Mahajanapadas. The decline of the Gupta Period coincided with the Nanda kingdom, followed by the Maurya kingdom. While others have sung praise about the golden era and growth of science, arts and medicine, etc., they have failed to add the dark side of the vedic kingdom. The move from a dynamic Varna into a compartmentalised caste system and so on.

Please correct me if I am wrong! For,to err is human!

情人眼里出西施吧。如果有先入为主的想法，肯定会对美的定义有所偏颇！历史也一样，记载历史的人说了算。笈多时代出现于印度列国时代。笈多王朝的衰落与南达王国同时发生，随后才是孔雀王国。虽然其他人称颂黄金时代和科学、艺术和医学等的发展，但他们没有提到吠陀王国的弊端，这个时期开始用种姓制度等划分社会阶层。

如果我说错了，请不吝赐教！人无完人，孰能无过！

Unknown Aspirant 2023

Gupta Empire is considered as the golden age of Indian history due to its great rulers, poets, surgeons, art , etc.

Kalidas was court historian of Chandra Gupta II who wrote his work in Sanskrit as Malavika Agnimitram (real story), Meghdoot , Vikram Urvashi, etc.

笈多帝国被视为印度历史上的黄金时代，因为帝国拥有伟大的统治者、诗人、外科医生、艺术等。

卡利达斯是钱德拉·笈多二世的宫廷历史学家，他用梵语写下了作品《真实故事》等。

Susruta was during this period who was expert in Rhinoplasty ( Plastic surgery) , Opthalmic (removal of cataract), dentistry, anesthesia, general medicine, etc . During treatment of his patients ,he used to tell them stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata to deviate their attention.

苏斯拉他是该时期鼻整形术(整形外科)、眼科(白内障摘除)、牙科、麻醉、普通医学等方面的专家。在治疗期间，他常常给病人讲述罗摩衍那和摩诃婆罗多的故事来转移他们的注意力。

Such advanced metallurgy was practiced that the Iron Pillar at Mehrauli is not rusted till now.

Aryabhatta wrote Aryabhattian during this time and described zero , value of pi, algebra, trigonometry, lunar eclipse, solar eclipse, 9 planets, earth shape, decimal system. He died at age of 33 otherwise he may have added more to this list.

Dhanvantri , father of Ayurveda lived during this period. He had treatment for jaundice, scorpion and snake bites , ulcers, typhoi, flu, etc.

Vedas , Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharat was compiled during this time.

Book by Vatsyayana in which he described 64 arts like dance, painting, etc. Kamasutra was one such art.

Samudragupta, one of the greatest ruler was a poet, Kaviraja, and musician found from his veena type coins. He was called Indian Napoleon by VA Smith but actually he was much superior than him as he never faced defeat in his life unlike Napoleon who was defeated at Battle of Waterloo.

该时期出现了先进的冶金技术，梅劳里的铁柱至今都没有生锈。

阿耶波多在这段时间编写了《阿里亚哈塔历书》，记录了零、圆周率、代数、三角学、月食、日食、九大行星、地球形状、十进制等。他33岁英年早逝，否则可能会有更多学术成就。

阿育吠陀之父昙梵陀利就生活在这个时期。他治疗过黄疸、蝎子和蛇咬伤、溃疡、伤寒、流感等。

《吠陀经》、《往世书》、《罗摩衍那》、《摩诃婆罗多》都是在这一时期编纂的。

筏蹉衍那在书中描述了64种艺术，如舞蹈、绘画等。爱经就是这样一部艺术作品。

沙摩陀罗·笈多，最伟大的统治者之一，也是一位诗人，从他的维那琴型的硬币中还能发现他还是一位音乐家，。他被VA史密斯称为印度拿破仑，但实际上他比拿破仑优秀多了，因为他一生中从未打过败仗，而拿破仑在滑铁卢战役中遭遇惨败。

Guptans issued large number of gold coins called dinara.

Paintings of Ajanta are still intact which shows their art of making colours. Astronomy book Romaka Siddhanta was written during this time.

Indeed it was the golden age where literature, technology, science, medicine was much advanced then it's time.

笈多人发行了大量叫做第纳尔的金币。

阿旃陀的绘画至今完好无损，显示了他们的色彩艺术。天文学书籍《罗马卡·悉达多》也是在这个时期成书的。

的确，笈多时期是在文学，技术，科学，医学等领域都非常先进的黄金时代。

Venkatesh

Because the Western researchers felt so

Gupta Empire is considered as the Golden age of India.

Does it mean Gupta Empire was entirely bad? No

What we need is unbaised research by Indian historians using scientific methods. Merely pandering to foreign bais won't do.

因为西方研究者是这么认为的

他们认为笈多帝国是印度的黄金时代。

但这是否意味着笈多帝国一无是处？并不是

我们需要的是印度历史学家用科学方法进行客观公正的研究。迎合外国人的喜好是不行的。

Sidhartha Abhimanyu Kuber

The Guptan age is also referred as the renaissance of the Ancient India.

They had a good administration setup, since they followed Samantha system leading to Decentralization.

Hierarchy in administration was developed. There was a Central Government ruled by King, Provincial Government ruled by Governor, District administration ruled by Vishayapathi and Village ruled by Panchayat.

The administration was vast and had various departments like Revenue, Army and Judiciary with various functions and duties assigned to each departments.

笈多时期也被称为古印度的文艺复兴时期。

他们有一个很好的管理设置，因为他们遵循萨曼莎系统导致权力下放。

行政等级制度得到了发展。国王统治中央政府，国王统治省政府，Vishayapathi统治地区政府，村务委员会统治各个乡村。

政府规模庞大，设有税务、陆军、司法等部门，各部门的职能和职责各不相同。

Guptan was a theocratic society. They ruled based on Hindu Scriptures like Manu and Dharmasastra.

They issued a large number of Copper and Gold coins, since they rules almost the major part of India. This also shows that trade flourished during their period.

Unlike their predecessors and successors, there was no Foreign invasion, except that of the Hunas.

Religious education slowly changed into Secular education, due to Science and technology reaching it’s peak during this period.

They excelled in Art and Architecture. The temples were built in different styles like Nagara, Vesara and Dravidian.

笈多帝国是一个神权社会。他们以印度教进行统治，如《摩奴法典》和《法典》。

他们发行了大量的铜币和金币。这也表明当时的贸易十分繁荣。

笈多帝国和前后帝国都不同的是，除了胡纳人之外，没有遭遇外族入侵。

科学技术在这一时期达到了顶峰，宗教教育逐渐转变为世俗教育。

他们擅长艺术和建筑。寺庙拥有各自不同的风格。

Sachin Sinha

The golden period of any empire is based on how the culture, society and other spheres of human endeavour developed during a period. The gupta era is considered golden because of the advancement in science, art medicine etc during this period. Some of the best books on these subjects and the most talented people lived during the gupta period. Also the guptas were considered great patrons of art and science. Hence this period is considered golden period.

任何帝国的黄金时期都是建立在文化、社会和其他人类活动领域发展的基础上的。笈多时代之所以被认为是黄金时代，是因为这一时期科学、艺术、医学等方面取得了极大进步。这些领域最优秀的典籍和最有才华的人都生活在笈多时期。笈多帝国也大力支持艺术和科学的发展。因此，这一时期被认为是黄金时期。

Afroz Sheikh

Gupta Period witnessed Golden Age mainly in the fields of art, literature and Science. Balaji Viswanathan has given a detailed answer and I would like to add few points.

1.The Epics 'Mahabharata' and 'Ramayana' were given final touches and the 'puranas' were written in this period.

2.Aryabhatta wrote 'Suryasiddanta',in which he proved that Earth revolves around the sun and rotates on its own axs.

3.Varahamihira wrote 'Panchasidhantika',in which he said that the Moon moves around the Earth and the Earth,together with the Moon,moves around the sun.

4.The art of casting metals reached a degree of development.ex:The Iron Pillar of Delhi, near the Qutub-Minar, is a marvelous work belonging to the early Gupta period.

5.The art of painting reached its height of glory and splendor in this age .

笈多时期是艺术、文学和科学领域的黄金时代。Balaji Viswanathan已经给出了详细的答案，我想补充几点。

1.史诗《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》都在这一时期完成了最后的润色，《印度史诗》也成书于这一时期。

2.阿耶波多编写了《苏利耶历》，他在这本书中证明了地球围绕太阳旋转，同时还绕着自己的轴自转。

3.伐罗诃密希罗写了《五大历数全书汇编》，他说月球绕着地球转，地球和月球一起绕着太阳转。

4.铸造金属的工艺达到了一定程度的发展。位于Qutub-Minar附近的德里铁柱就是笈多早期的一件传世精品。

5.这个时期绘画艺术达到了辉煌的巅峰。

Kapil Routray

On the contrary- the Gupta Empire remains relatively unknown and unremarked in contrast to the Mauryas. On Quora itself, the topic ‘Gupta Empire’ doesn’t even exst and there are a hundred questions on the Mauryas for each one dealing with the Guptas. To quote the legendary Aashrai Arun- now banned on Quora for committing the ultimate sin of being a pro-Hindu writer who wrote in defense of Indian history-

相反，与孔雀王朝相比，笈多帝国的知名度和人气都较弱。在Quora上，“笈多帝国”这个话题甚至都不存在，孔雀王朝的相关问题要多上100倍。引用传奇人物Aashrai Arun的话，他被Quora禁言是因为他犯了亲印度教的大罪，为印度历史辩护。