Why is China advancing rapidly in technology?

中国科技为何发展神速？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Start Sameer

This shows how quickly China is catching up to the United States in innovation and technology:

这张图说明了中国在创新和技术方面追赶美国的脚步有多快：

Income from Patents: In 2012, the US earned $200 billion more than China in income from patents, but by 2023, that difference has reduced to $100 billion.

Predicted Parity: Experts predict that China and the US will be on the same level in terms of innovation and technology by around 2035-36. Some even think it might happen sooner.

Balance of Payments: In 2014, China paid about $270 billion to other countries for the right to use their patents and technology, but they only received $6 billion in return. Now, China pays around $290 billion and receives almost $120 billion. So, their deficit in this area has gone down from $264 billion to $170 billion in 10 years.

专利收入：2012年，美国的专利收入比中国多2000亿美元，但2023年这一差距已缩小至1000亿美元。

预测：专家预测，到2035-36年左右，中国和美国将在创新和技术方面平起平坐。有些人甚至认为会更早。

国际收支平衡：2014年，中国向其他国家支付了约2700亿美元的专利和技术使用权，但只获得了60亿美元的回报。现在，中国支付了约2900亿美元，收入了近1200亿美元。因此，中国10年内在该领域的赤字从2640亿美元下降到了1700亿美元。

US Situation: The US currently pays more money than ever before for patent licenses but only earns $640 billion, down from a peak of almost $940 billion in 2016.

Post Doctoral Candidates: China is one of the few countries, along with Germany, that has seen a net increase in the number of post-doctoral candidates coming in (up to 10 years after getting their doctorate) over the last six years. In contrast, the US has the most post-doctoral candidates leaving the country.

美国的现状：美国目前为专利授权支付的费用比以往任何时候都多，但收入仅为6400亿美元，低于2016年近9400亿美元的峰值。

博士后申请人：在过去的六年里，中国和德国一样，是为数不多的博士后申请人(获得博士学位10年后)数量净增长的国家之一。相比之下，离开美国的博士后人数最多。

China's rapid rise is due to several factors:

They invest a lot of money in research and development as well as provide subsidies to industries.

China has the most graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in the world, with highly intelligent people.

Many post-doctoral candidates who originally came from China and studied abroad are returning home with valuable knowledge.

There is a growing demand for technology in various fields, especially to address issues like energy and food security.

中国的快速崛起得益于以下几个因素：

中国在科研方面投入了大量资金，并为工业提供补贴。

中国拥有全世界最多的科学、技术、工程和数学毕业生，拥有高智商的人才。

许多中国的留学博士后带着宝贵的知识回到中国。

各个领域对技术的需求不断增长，尤其是在解决能源和粮食安全等问题方面。

Peter Ole Kvint

It was my decision (2011) that China should support research and development because it was the universities that had brought Europe out of the dark middle ages.

One of China's problems is a shortage of coal and oil. And the closest solution was to develop nuclear power plants with thorium.

是我在2011年决定中国应该大力支持科研活动，因为正是大学把欧洲带出了黑暗的中世纪。

中国的问题之一是煤炭和石油短缺。最理想的解决方案是建造核电站。

Larry The Panda

You must be wondering (not long ago), the chinese are known to be very business minded, yet they are stil poor in comparison to first world nations or even to some develo countries.

‘Made in China’, people who buy Chinese ‘branded products’ are assumed that they are not financially rich. Now in the 21st century, the perception of China has changed. There are group of people who praise China, while some of them still thinks they are backwards. There are also who are aware of China’s achievement, but is envy of their progress.

你一定很好奇(不久前)，众所周知中国人很有商业头脑，但和第一世界国家甚至某些发展中国家相比，中国还很穷。

购买中国“品牌”的人会被当做经济上不太富裕。现在进入21世纪，人们对中国的看法发生了变化。有人赞扬中国，也有人认为中国依然落后。还有人虽然看到了中国的成就，但却嫉妒中国的进步。

If you look at all East Asians in all around the world, whether is the chinese, Japanese or Koreans, they are very ambitious and hardworking people. Japan was bomb till ground zero, and today they gave us remarkable products like their Sony Walkman, toyota. The Koreans, similar to Japan, gave us Samsung phones and hyundai. And the Chinese from a period of war and cultural revolution, gave us EV cars like BYD, mobiles phones like Huawei and shocked the world with their space station. If you look at some other countries in world from Europe, Africa, middle east or Asia, those countries are still facing the same dilemma since colonial times.

Moving backwards 4 thousand years ago, China was a centre stage of science and Technology. It was a super power in those days. Now you know why the chinese advance rapidly in technology.

你看看东亚人群，不管是中国人、日本人还是韩国人，全都是雄心勃勃、勤奋工作的人。日本曾经被轰炸到一片废墟，今天依然给我们带来了非凡的产品，比如索尼随身听，丰田汽车。韩国人和日本人一样，给我们制造了三星手机和现代手机。中国经历了多年战争，现在给我们造出了比亚迪这样的电动汽车和华为这样的手机，中国的空间站也震惊了世界。再看看欧洲、非洲、中东或亚洲的其他一些国家，至今仍然还处于殖民时代同样的困境。

四千多年前，中国就是科学技术的中心舞台，一直是一个超级大国。现在你知道为什么中国人在技术上的进步如此之快了吧。

William Ellison

Because China is a land of engineers and the USA is a land of lawyers. Chinese citizens have been attending Western universities for decades and stealing everything they can get their hands on. Plus counties in the Pacific like S. Korea, Taiwan and Japan take education seriously, pacifically math and science.

因为中国是工程师的国度，美国是律师的国度。几十年来，中国公民来上西方大学深造，窃取他们能得到的一切。另外，像韩国、中国台湾和日本这样的太平洋国家和地区也很重视教育，尤其是数学和科学。

Jesuan Wu

Because the US is sanctioning China.

In 1997 China took down semiconductors from its university courses, probably because the Chinese ministry of Education thought that such majors are useless because Chinese companies didn't make chips and China was just buying chips from other countries and it was going to be an open global supply chain when China joined WTO.

Big mistake.

因为美国在制裁中国。

1997年，中国取消了大学里的半导体专业，可能是因为中国教育部认为这些专业没用，因为中国公司不生产芯片，全都向其他国家购买，等中国加入世贸组织时，就能加入一个开放的全球供应链。

可惜，大错特错。

China has now reopened the major in Chinese universities and graduates are receiving their job offers before they even leave campus, because of the sudden urge of Chinese companies to innovate and build chips domestically, due to US sanctions on over 1600 Chinese entities.

Other industries are also on a similar albeit weaker quest for tech independence because they fear the US might do to them what they did with chips to Huawei. American products, as well as Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Dutch or any product that contain made in USA components or American labor output are just not reliable anymore for the world's factory as they can be cut off by order of the White House any day. No factory can tolerate such risk.

So innovation is on fire across the board. China is now ahead of the US in new patents filed and science paper quotations, Chinese tech workers and engineers have also seen significant salary increase in the past few years. This will lead to a loss of high paying tech jobs in the US because China will start to make products which were previously only made in the US.

由于美国对1600多家中国企业的制裁，中国公司突然迫切希望在国内创新和制造芯片，中国现在在大学重新开设了芯片专业，学生甚至在毕业之前就能收到工作邀请。

其他行业也在追求类似的技术独立，因为它们也担心美国可能会对它们采取行动。美国产品、台湾产品、韩国产品、日本产品、荷兰产品或任何含有美国零部件或美国劳动力产出的产品，都不再是世界工厂的可靠产品了，因为它们随时都可能被白宫的一纸政令截断。没有工厂能承受这样的风险。

因此，中国开始全面开战科技创新。如今，中国在新专利申请和科学论文引用方面已经领先于美国，中国科技工作者和工程师在过去几年里的工资也有了显著增长。这会导致美国高薪技术工作岗位的流失，因为中国将开始制造以前只有美国制造得出的产品。

Take the newly launched Huawei Mate 60 for example, yes Huawei gets all the glory, but the Chinese company that makes its glass, the Chinese company that makes its screen, the Chinese conpany that makes its camera, etc. are all getting previously unattainable orders because foreign supply, like Gorilla glass, Samsung screens and Leica cameras are no longer available or desirable for Chinese factories. The phone doesn't just mean less iPhone sales, but less jobs for non-Chinese companies across the whole supply chain of phone building. All thanks to US sanctions.

以新推出的华为Mate 60为例，是的，华为赢得了所有的掌声，但是制造玻璃的中国企业，制造屏幕的中国企业，制造相机的中国企业等等，都得到了以前不敢想象的订单，因为进口的金刚玻璃，三星屏幕和徕卡相机等等，对中国工厂来说不再可行或不再理想。华为的这款手机不仅会导致iPhone销量的下降，还导致了整个手机制造供应链中非中国企业的就业机会的减少。这全都是美国制裁惹的祸。

It was a huge miscalculation for the US to think that China would just starve or surrender when the US denied it chips, just like Japan made a huge mistake by thinking the US would surrender or sue for peace when it destroyed the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. Luckily unlike WWII, the tech war has so far only left grudges but spilled no bad blood, so the US still has plenty room to correct its mistake.

美国拒绝向中国提供芯片时，还以为中国会陷入困局或缴械投降，但这是一个严重的误判，就像当初日本在珍珠港摧毁美国舰队时，也以为美国会投降或求和。幸运的是，和第二次世界大战不同，科技战争到目前为止只是留下了怨恨，还没有造成仇恨，所以美国仍然有足够的空间来纠正自己的错误。

Oriana Frostfern

China's rapid advancement in technology can be attributed to several key factors:

中国技术的快速进步可以归因于几个关键因素：

Government Support and Investment: The chinese has made technology development a top priority. Through initiatives like the "Made in China 2025" plan, they've provided substantial funding and resources to support the growth of high-tech industries.

Large Pool of Talent: China has a vast population, which translates to a large pool of skilled engineers, scientists, and innovators. This human capital is a crucial asset for technological advancement.

政府扶持和投资：中国把科技发展视为头等大事。通过“中国制造2025”等项目，中国为支持高科技产业的发展提供了大量资金和资源。

庞大的人才库：中国拥有庞大的人口，这意味着中国有大量熟练的工程师、科学家和创新者。这些人才是科技进步的关键资产。

Education and Research Institutions: China has been investing heavily in its education system and research institutions. Universities like Tsinghua and Peking University are producing world-class graduates in technology-related fields.

Emphasis on STEM Education: China places a strong emphasis on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education from an early age. This helps nurture a generation of students with strong technical skills.

教育和研究机构：中国一直在大力投资教育体系和研究机构。清华大学和北京大学等大学在科技相关领域培养出了世界级的毕业生。

重视STEM教育：中国非常重视从小对学生进行科学、技术、工程和数学的教育。这有助于培养具有强大科技能力的一代学生。

Innovation and Entrepreneurship: China has seen a surge in entrepreneurial activity, with a thriving startup culture. This has led to the development of innovative technologies and business models.

Market Size and Demand: China's enormous domestic market provides a substantial incentive for companies to innovate and develop new technologies to meet the demands of a rapidly growing middle class.

创新和创业：中国的创业活动激增，创业文化蓬勃发展。这带来了创新技术和商业模式的发展。

市场规模和需求：中国巨大的国内市场为企业创新和开发新技术提供了巨大的动力，满足了快速增长的中产阶级的需求。

Global Collaboration and Partnerships: China has been actively engaging in international collaborations and partnerships with leading technology companies and research institutions around the world. This helps them access global knowledge and expertise.

Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment in China, while strict in some areas, can also be more flexble and accommodating in others. This can facilitate faster development and deployment of new technologies.

全球合作与伙伴关系：中国积极与全球领先科技公司和研究机构开展国际合作与伙伴关系。这有助于中国获得全球知识和专业知识。

监管环境：中国的监管环境虽然在某些领域很严格，但在其他领域更加灵活和宽松。这有助于更快地开发和运用新技术。

Focus on Strategic Industries: China has identified strategic industries like artificial intelligence, electric vehicles, and biotechnology as areas of focus. This targeted approach helps concentrate resources and talent on areas with high potential for growth.

Adoption of Emerging Technologies: China has shown a willingness to adopt and implement emerging technologies like 5G, artificial intelligence, and blockchain on a large scale, which can accelerate their development.

关注战略性产业：中国已将人工智能、电动汽车和生物技术等战略性产业确定为重点领域，这种有针对性的做法有助于将资源和人才集中在具有高增长潜力的领域。

采用新兴技术：中国已经表现出大规模采用和实施5G、人工智能、区块链等新兴技术的意愿，可以加速这些技术的发展。

Jerry Mc Kenna

The US effort to stop exports of advanced technology will only push China to develop its own solutions. They will steal technology (everyone steals) and they will develop their own.

美国阻止先进技术出口的努力只会推动中国寻找自己的解决方案。他们会偷别人的技术(每个人都会偷)，然后研究出自己的技术。