印尼、马来西亚和新加坡华人有什么不同吗

Are the Chinese people living in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore different from each other?

印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡华人有什么不同吗？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Annie Ruth Harrison (夏安)

I’ll do you one better. Chinese people within the same county are different from each other. But I’ll also humor you and tell you that yes, Chinese people in three different countries are definitely different from each other.

Chinese people in Indonesia were forced to assimilate. They were not allowed to keep their family names (well, it was strongly suggested that they not keep them) but they were creative in making new names that are still distinctive of Chinese lineage. They did assimilate in language. Most of them speak Bahasa Indonesia.

Chinese in Singapore make up over 75% of the country’s population. They lost a lot of their dialects due to Lee Kuan Yew’s “Speak English” campaign, but the younger generation learn Mandarin in school. They’re a mixture of Chinese culture and Western influence. They are extremely hardworking and driven to succeed.

我跟你说个更绝的，同一个国家内的中国人也彼此不同。但你的问题也没错，我可以告诉你，是的，三个不同国家的华人绝对不一样。

印尼华人已经被迫同化了。他们不能保留自己的姓氏(好吧，人们强烈建议他们不要保留姓氏)，但他们创造了仍然具有中国血统特色的新名字。印尼华人在语言上已经被同化了，当地大多数华人都说印度尼西亚语。

新加坡华人占全国人口的75%以上。由于李光耀的“英文运动”，很多方言都消失了，但年轻一代在学校会学习普通话。他们是中国文化和西方影响的混合体。他们非常努力，渴望成功。

Chinese in Malaysia were not forced to assimilate. They’ve been allowed to keep their vernacular schools and while they learn Bahasa Malayu, they also speak Mandarin, dialects, or English. They make up about 20% of the population and they do very well in the business sector. However, many of them feel frustrated with privileges afforded to the ethnic Malay and resent that they must work harder for the same university education slots, pay more for land, or work harder for the same business contracts. Still, they’ve managed to excel over several generations and they are proud Malaysian citizens.

They’re all very different but yet have a common background and heritage.

马来西亚华人并没有被迫同化。他们可以保留他们的方言学校，他们在学习马来语的同时也会使用普通话、方言或英语。他们占马来西亚总人口的20%，在商业领域的表现十分亮眼。但他们中有许多人对马来人的特权不满，对他们必须付出更多努力才能获得同样的大学教育机会、支付更高金额才能获得同样的土地或付出更多才能拿下同样的商业合同而感到不满。尽管如此，他们已经通过几代人的时间已经出人头地，他们是自豪的马来西亚公民。

他们之间有很大的区别，但却拥有共同的背景和传统。

John McEnany

Let me qualify myself by stating that I lived in the 3 countries before and well-acquainted with the Chinese communities there.

If you do a DNA test, they would all have the same results. The biggest set of differences between each other is the degree of assimilation to their respective countries and adherence to Chinese culture. It can be summarised as follows:-

我先说明一下，我在这三个国家都生活过，对当地的华人社区非常熟悉。

如果你做DNA测试，结果肯定一样。他们彼此之间最大的差异就是被当地社会同化的程度和对中国文化的坚持程度，可以总结如下：

Indonesian Chinese: they forget that they are Chinese, unless some right-wing nut reminds them. They are very well assimilated to the mainstream Indonesian culture. They speak Bahasa Indonesia like a boss, even within their family members. Not many can speak any dialect of Chinese. The give-away is their looks. They retain their ethnic Chinese physical features due to avoidance of inter-racial marriages.

印尼华人：他们忘了自己的中国身份，除非右翼分子提醒他们。他们已经被印尼的主流文化同化了。他们讲印尼语，甚至家人之间也是如此，能说中国方言的人已经不多了。但他们的长相是个例外，因为禁止异族通婚，他们还保留了华人的身体特征。

Malaysian Chinese: they retain much of their culture, including language, food and religious customs. They even go to their own schools. Nearly all can speak at least one Chinese dialect. They are NOT assimilated to the mainstream Malay culture, except on some exceptions in food. Whether this “failed” assimilation is the result of failed government policies or the society themselves, is open for debate and beyond the scope of this topic.

马来西亚华人：他们保留了很多自己的文化，包括语言、食物和宗教习俗。他们甚至还去华语学校上学。几乎所有人都能说至少一种中国方言。除了食物方面有一些改变，他们没有被主流马来文化同化。这种“同化失败”是政府政策失败的结果或者社会本身的结果，还是一个开放的辩论，这里就不展开说了。

Singapore Chinese: They are the dominant race in Singapore with nearly 80% of the population being Chinese. There is no question of assimilation because they are the dominant race since the inception of modern Singapore. However, due to decades of Westernisation, the majority cannot speak Mandarin fluently. However, they do retain many of the Chinese customs and culture. They think themselves as Singaporeans, first and foremost.

新加坡华人：他们是新加坡的主要族群，新加坡近80%的人口是华人。所以不存在同化的问题，因为自现代新加坡建立以来，他们就一直是主流族群。但几十年的西方影响，让大多数人无法说一口流利的普通话。不过他们确实保留了许多中国的习俗和文化，但他们认为自己是新加坡人。

In conclusion, physically all 3 look identical but behave differently to their culture and country.

总之，这三个国家的华人外表看起来都一样，但他们的行为却因文化和国家的不同而有所不同。

Anonymous

No historical violence against Chinese Filipinos in modern times. The most obvious difference. Unlike Indonesia and Malaysia where there have been relatively recent anti-Chinese riots in the past.

No religious difference. Unlike Indonesia and Malaysia where the Chinese minority are usually Buddhists or Protestants while the majority of the population is Muslim, in the Philippines almost all Chinese Filipinos are Catholics (EDIT: and other Christian denominations), like the native population. Only 2% of Chinese Filipinos are Buddhist.

近代没有发生过针对菲律宾华人的历史暴力，这是最明显的区别。但印尼和马来西亚不一样，这两个国家近代都曾发生过反华骚乱。

没有宗教差异。印度尼西亚和马来西亚的华人通常是佛教徒或新教徒，当地主流人口是MSL，但菲律宾几乎所有华人都是天主教徒(以及其他基督教教派)，和当地土著一样，只有2%的菲律宾华人是佛教徒。

Better integration. Chinese Filipinos speak the local languages in addition to English. They’re also largely Filipino in terms of customs and mindsets. In comparison to Indonesia and Malaysia where they are more isolated.

In terms of their mother tongue, Chinese Filipinos overwhelmingly speak Philippine Hokkien, a unique local dialect of Hokkien that evolved within the Philippines. Although this is increasingly restricted only to older generations. Younger Chinese Filipinos have the local languages or English as their mother tongue.

融合得更好。菲律宾华人除了讲英语外，也会讲当地的语言。在习俗和心态方面，他们也算是菲律宾人了。印尼和马来西亚的华人更孤立一些。

在母语方面，菲律宾华人绝大多数讲菲律宾闽南语，这是一种在菲律宾境内演变形成的独特的闽南语方言。但这种方言现在越来越局限于老一辈人中。年轻的菲律宾华人使用当地语言或以英语为母语。

Intermarriage with non-Chinese families is common, especially as Spanish attitudes towards the Chinese became more relaxed in the 1800s. Though the richer Chinese Filipino families still tend to marry other Chinese Filipino families, it isn’t taboo to marry someone of a different ethnic background, unlike in other overseas Chinese communities.

There is no legal racial discrimination, unlike the Bumiputera of Malaysia which favor native Muslims. As long as you’re a Filipino citizen, regardless of your descent or religion, you have full rights. (Though it should be mentioned that foreigners, regardless of origin, can not fully own land in the Philippines).

与非华人家庭通婚是很普遍的现象，尤其是在19世纪西班牙人放松对华人的态度的时候。虽然富裕的菲律宾华人家庭仍然更愿意和其他菲律宾华人家庭结婚，但跟其他海外华人社区不同，菲律宾华人和不同族裔结婚并非禁忌。

这里没有法律上的种族歧视，不像马来西亚土著偏袒本土MSL。只要你是菲律宾公民，无论你的血统或宗教信仰如何，你都能享有充分的权利。(不过我必须指出一个事实，外国人，无论来自哪里，都不能完全拥有菲律宾的土地)。

Most importantly, they identify as Filipino first. Not Chinese. It would actually be pretty difficult to tell who the native Austronesians are and who are of Chinese descent in the Philippines without knowing their family names. And even then, some may have Chinese-derived surnames but have zero or very little traces of Chinese customs because it originated from a very old family that has long been nativized by intermarriage. This is especially true for pre-1900s Chinese Filipino surnames which don’t even look Chinese anymore because they are multi-syllable like Lacson, Dizon, Ongpin, Gokongwei, Pempengco, etc. These families are almost always already mixed Chinese-Filipino-Spanish.

最重要的是，他们认为自己就是菲律宾人，不是中国人。事实上，如果不看他们的姓氏，很难分辨出谁是南岛原住民，谁是菲律宾华裔。即便如此，有些人虽然还冠以中国姓氏，但已经没有或几乎没有遵从中国习俗了，因为他们的祖先很早就在这里落地生根，长期以来经过异族通婚融入当地了。

20世纪前抵达菲律宾的华人家族尤其如此，他们的姓氏甚至看起来已经不像中国姓氏了，已经演变成多音节发音了，比如Lacson, Dizon, Ongpin, Gokongwei, penpengco等。这些家族几乎都是华裔、菲律宾裔和西班牙裔的混血儿。

Bear in mind that these answers do NOT apply to the more recent Chinese immigrants to the country (past 10 years or so), most of whom do not bother speaking the local languages, look down on the natives, and still hold primary allegiance to China.

They have been the target of animosity in recent years because of China’s actions with their “9-dash line” claim as well as their own refusal to integrate and the fact that they’re primarily here to set up Chinese-owned gambling businesses (and thus bring in organized crime with them, like human trafficking).

上述内容不适用于近年来的华人新移民(过去10年左右)，他们中的大多数人都不愿意说当地的语言，看不起当地人，而且仍然拥戴中国。

近几年他们一直是当地反华敌意的目标，因为中国划定了“九段线”、因为他们自己不愿融入当地，也因为他们来菲律宾的主要目的是打造归中国人所有的赌博业(从而带来了有组织的犯罪，比如人口贩运)。

Jeff Lee ( 李国耀 )

I really have great respect for MLG Chan who post his/her artcile on the above content. This is the first time I read on such good description of Chinese in PH.

I shall add something in peculiar

这是我读到过的对菲律宾华人的最好的总结了。

我这里也想补充一些特别之处

Malaysian Chinese are not oppressed or suppressed as often stigmatized by some western writers (usually pro-western propaganda)

Malaysia allows “Chinese Schools” in the educational system but the main medium is still Malay as the National Language and in main core subjects.

Yes, there is still poor integration because of so many cultures, religions, races and languages.

马来西亚华人并不像被西方人(通常是出于亲西方的目的)污名化的那样，受到压迫或压制。

马来西亚允许“华文学校”进入教育体系，但主流媒体仍然将马来语作为国家语言和主要科目。

是的，因为文化、宗教、种族和语言的差异较大，融合程度依然较低。

Yes, there is some deprivation of “rights” esp to educational and business opportunities which is normal in most Countries.

Due to lack of opportunities, it actually makes the Malaysian Chinese more hardworking, more resilient, more resourceful to become more independent and successful.

是的，华人还未能享有部分“权利”，尤其是教育和商业机会，这在大多数国家都是正常的。

由于缺乏机会，马来西亚华人只能更奋发图强，更坚韧不拔，更聪明机敏，才能获得更好的独立和成功。

Jeff Lee ( 李国耀 )

I am a Malaysian Chinese age 65, lived in Singapore, Northern Thailand before. By laws I am not suppose to speak on racial lines as most of Chinese History is slowly erased from the country’s educational system same as in Indonesia and in Thailand.

我是一个65岁的马来西亚华人，曾在泰国北部和新加坡生活过。根据法律，我不应该谈论种族界线，因为中国的大部分历史都从当地的教育系统中慢慢淡化了，印度尼西亚和泰国也是如此。

Forced Assimilation by changing of name and erasure of ethnicity in official docs.

通过在官方文件中更改姓名、删除种族而强制推行同化。

Thailand :- Predominantly a Thai Buddhist Country. Chinese Settlers from China have similar religious culture in the form of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, so the impact of the forced assimilation is negligible.

Indonesia - Predominantly a Islamic Country so the forced assimilation has a profound impact.

Both countries are losing their Chinese ethnicity and culture at a very rapid rate.

泰国：总体而言，泰国一个佛教国家。中国移民拥有相似的宗教文化，比如佛教、道教和儒家思想，因此强制推行同化的影响可以忽略不计。

印度尼西亚：主要是一个YSL国家，因此强制推行同化产生了深远的影响。

这两个国家的华人都很快丢弃了他们的中国民族和文化认同。

There is very little difference between SG Chinese and MY Chinese. When SG was formed in 9th Aug 1965, there were mass emigration of Chinese from the neighbor state of Johor (did people know that the island of Singapura belongs to the now Johor State once upon a time?).

With the passage of time (1965- 2019), culturally there are slight differences as the evolution of these two countries is noticeable.

新加坡华人和马来西亚华人基本没有差别。当新加坡于1965年8月9日成立时，大量华人从邻国柔佛州移民到新加坡(人们是否知道新加坡岛曾经属于现在的柔佛州?)

随着时间的推移(1965—2019年)，这两个国家在文化上出现了细微的差异，值得大家注意。

Before I proceed further I shall give personal definitions of two terms

a) ethnic cleansing

b) racial riots

Indonesia have elements of ethnic cleansing in the past, not only to Chinese.

There are both ethnic cleansing and racial riots in different parts of Mynamar now.

There are racial riots in Malaysia and Thailand in the last century but the Governments does not acknowledge it and sweep into the closet.

Singapore is spared because of good multiracial governance.

I would leave the Philippines part for your input.

在我进一步展开之前，我要先介绍一下我对以下两个词的个人定义