Why is the Chinese economy’s PPP GDP larger than its nominal GDP?

为什么中国经济的购买力平价GDP大于名义GDP？

以下是Quora网友的评价：

Li Pengii

Think about it this way.

My uncle got cancer a few years ago. Out of pocket it cost him $5000USD from diagnosis to being an outpatient.

In the USA getting an ambulance costs $1000

你可以这样想。

我叔叔几年前得了癌症。从诊断到门诊，他花了5000美元。

在美国，叫一辆救护车就要1000美元。

Haresh Patel

The service industry is a large component of the GDP. The cost of services are astronomically high in the developed countries compared to China and much more so compared to other develo countries like India when measured in USD.

I don’t have detailed cost information about various services in China as I only visited it once.

But I have a good idea of costs in India which may be less than half in China.

服务业是国内生产总值的重要组成部分。与中国相比，发达国家的服务成本高得离谱，若以美元计算，和印度等其他发展中国家相比服务成本就更高了。

我没有中国各项服务的详细价目表，因为我只去过中国一次。

但我对印度的生活成本十分了解，印度的生活成本可能不及中国的一半。

About 10 years ago, I visited my family in India. I noticed all the 30 year old electrical outlets and switches were in bad shape. I contacted an electrical contractor and had all the switches and outlets. about 20 of them, replaced and also some wiring. 3 guys worked for about half a day and did a good job. The total bill including the parts and labor was less than 20 USD equivalent. It would have been easily $400 or more in the US. I went for a haircut at a shop comparable to an average shop in the US. he charged me 80 cents USD equivalent. All the produce at the grocery shops were about a third in price or less compared to US stores. Transportation is also very cheap though often not comfortable. End to end citi travel by bus is about 30 cents or less. Rickshaws charge about 30 cents per mile and taxs about twice that. Housing varies but in many cities (excluding Mumbai and a few others) flats rent for $120 to $200 for a 3 bedroom unit. A US trained surgeon charged me about $7 for 2 knee x-rays and consultation. In the US it would be $200 or more.

大约10年前，我去印度看望家人。我发现家里用了30年的电源插座和开关不太好了，于是我联系了一个电气承包商，购买了大约20个开关和插座来更换，还换了部分电线。

3个人忙了小半天，事情也做得不错。包括零件和人工在内的总费用还不到20美元。如果在美国，最少400美元起步。

我去了一家跟美国普通理发店差不多的理发店理发，费用只要80美分。印度杂货店所有农产品的价格都只需要美国的三分之一左右或更低。交通费也很便宜，虽然舒适度很一般。

城际公共汽车的车费大约只要30美分或更少。人力车每英里收费30美分，出租车收费大约是它的两倍。

住房成本有高有低，但在许多城市(不包括孟买和其他大城市)，一套3卧室的公寓租金在120美元到200美元。

一位在美国深造过的外科医生帮我做了两次膝关节x光检查，连同诊费只要7美元。在美国，这个数字可能要200美元起步。

Of course Indian average incomes are 15 times less so they are no bargains for the local people. Some may scream bloody murder. But still how can you compare GDP of two disparate economies. India’s GDP per capita may be 30 times smaller than the US when measured in USD but since the cost of many things and services are much lower, the term PPP is used to compare GDP. So India’s PPP GDP is considered 3 times its nominal.

当然，印度人的平均收入比美国人低15倍，所以对印度人来说，这些费用也并不便宜。有些人可能还会觉得贵得离谱。但是你要如何比较两个完全不同的经济体的GDP呢？以美元衡量，印度的人均GDP可能比美国小30倍，但印度很多商品和服务的价格要低得多，所以人们用购买力平价一词来比较GDP。所以印度的购买力平价GDP可达名义GDP的3倍。

Ferit ztn

The disparity between China's Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP and its nominal GDP can be attributed to several factors:

中国的购买力平价GDP与名义GDP之间的差距可归因于以下几个因素：

1.Price Levels: PPP takes into account the relative cost of goods and services between countries, adjusting for price differences. In China, the price levels of goods and services are generally lower compared to many developed countries. As a result, when converting China's GDP using PPP, the lower price levels contribute to a higher GDP figure.

1.物价水平：购买力平价考虑了各国国家之间商品和服务的相对价格，并根据价格差异进行了调整。与许多发达国家相比，中国的商品和服务的价格水平普遍较低。因此，当使用购买力平价换算中国的GDP时，较低的物价水平会导致较高的GDP数字。

2.Domestic Consumption: China has a large population and a rapidly growing consumer market. The PPP calculation considers the purchasing power of the domestic population and the consumption patterns within the country. The substantial domestic consumption in China, driven by its population and expanding middle class, contributes to a higher PPP GDP.

2.国内消费：中国人口众多，消费市场增长迅速。购买力平价的统计考虑了国内人口的购买力和国内的消费模式。在庞大的人口和不断扩大的中产阶级的推动下，中国巨额的国内消费有助于提高购买力平价GDP。

3. Exchange Rates: Nominal GDP is calculated using current exchange rates, which can fluctuate and be influenced by various factors, including currency market dynamics and government policies. In the case of China, its currency, the yuan (or renminbi), has experienced fluctuations and is subject to managed exchange rate policies. The use of exchange rates for nominal GDP calculations can introduce volatility and differences compared to the PPP-based calculations.

3. 汇率：名义GDP是使用当前汇率计算的，汇率可能会波动，还会受到各种因素的影响，包括货币市场动态和政府政策。就中国而言，其货币—人民币会出现波动，并受到汇率政策的约束。与基于购买力平价的计算相比，使用汇率计算名义GDP会带来波动和差异。

4. Sectoral Composition: The structure of the economy and the relative importance of different sectors can also contribute to the disparity between PPP GDP and nominal GDP. China has a significant manufacturing sector and is often referred to as the "world's factory." The value of manufactured goods produced in China may be higher when converted to PPP, considering the lower price levels in the country.

4. 经济领域结构：经济结构和不同行业的相对重要性也会导致购买力平价GDP与名义GDP之间的差异。中国拥有庞大的制造业，被誉为“世界工厂”。鉴于中国的物价水平较低，中国制造的商品价值在换算成购买力平价时可能更高。

It's important to note that PPP GDP is primarily used to make cross-country comparisons of economic sizes and standards of living. Nominal GDP, on the other hand, reflects the value of economic output based on current market exchange rates. Both measures provide different perspectives and have their respective uses in analyzing and understanding an economy.

值得注意的是，购买力平价GDP主要用于对各国的经济规模和生活水平进行比较。另一方面，名义GDP反映了基于当前市场汇率的经济产出价值。这两种方法提供了不同的视角，在分析和了解一国经济方面有着不同的用途。

Glen Broderick

The only way to compare the GDP between two countries is to use a currency conversion rate to equate one currency to another. The problem is that the currency conversion rate varies and really only represents trade between the two countries.

Most Chinese citizens earn and spend the bulk of their money within China on Chinese goods. The currency conversion rate doesn’t come into play. It’s better to figure out how much they earn, and what that would allow them to buy.

PPP shows that the cost of living is lower in China and that Chinese citizens have a resultant better standard of living than you would expect if you only looked at the GDP.

对比两国国内生产总值的唯一方法是使用货币兑换率将一种货币与另一种货币等同起来。问题是货币兑换率各不相同，反映了两国之间的贸易。

大多数中国公民都是在中国国内赚钱并消费的。货币兑换率没有发挥作用。我们最好弄清楚他们赚了多少钱，以及这些钱能让他们购买到什么。

购买力平价说明中国的生活成本更低，因此中国公民的生活水平比你只看GDP时想象的要高。

KokHin Lim

Because US artificially inflate the USD to make it look richer than it is. Taking A mere 52 cents and converted to RMB you could on average buys USD 1.08 worth of goods in American soil.

Hence US looks richer than they really are or conversely it makes China looks considerably poorer than USA.

因为美国是有意让美元通胀，让美国经济看起来比实际更富裕一些。如果把52美分兑换成人民币，可以买到在美国平均售价1.08美元的商品。

因此，美国只是看起来更富裕，或者反过来说，中国看起来比美国穷。

Bora Taş

Because as an economy grows, the prices of goods and services it produces grows too. So when the GDP doubles, the standards of living don’t double. This means that economies with lower GDP per capita actually output more than their GDP figures would suggest. PPP GDP adjusts for this.

因为随着一国经济的增长，该国生产的商品和服务的价格也会上涨。所以当GDP翻倍时，生活水平并不会跟着翻倍。这意味着人均GDP较低的经济体，实际产出比其GDP数据显示的要多。购买力平价GDP是针对这个情况进行了调整。

Yves Larrousse-Lacou

it means that cost of living in China is cheaper than cost of living in the US. So basically with 1$ you buy more stuff in china than in the US.

With nominal GDP you count your dollars. With PPP you count what your dollars can buy.

这意味着中国的生活成本比美国的生活成本低。所以基本上1美元在中国可以买到的东西比在美国买到的多。

我们用名义GDP计算你有多少美元，用购买力平价计算你的美元能买到什么。

Chandan Kala

Consider this example... With money you can buy products or services. There are 2 people (A and B) who are earning $100 every year. Products are costly in a Village but services are very cheap.

A is living in a city and whereas B is living in a village.

Though the products price is bit higher in village but very low service charges overcompensate for that, hence with the same $100, B has more purchasing power.

我来举个例子……有了钱，你就可以购买商品或服务。有两个人(A和B)他们每年都能挣100美元。乡下的商品价格很贵，但服务很便宜。

A住在城市，而B住在农村。

虽然村子里的商品价格较高，但极低的服务费弥补了这一点，因此虽然都是同样的100美元，B的购买力更高。

It's very difficult to value services in terms of money. But that doesn't mean services are free. For eg. Housewife is not earning anything but that doesn't mean the services provided by her is of no value. If she would have not done that we would have to spend money to get that services.

我们很难用金钱来衡量服务的价值。但这并不意味着服务是免费的。比如，家庭主妇虽然不挣钱，但并不意味着她所提供的服务没有价值。如果没有她帮忙做家务，我们就得花钱去购买服务。

Don Sillers

GDP at PPP exchange rates differs from GDP at market exchange rates (often called “nominal GDP" on Quora) mainly because of differences among countries in the cost of services. Services represent a substantial share of most countries’ GDP; with the exception of services conducted across the Internet, most services are not internationally tradable, so their prices are determined by the balance of supply and demand inside each country. Furthermore, many services are quite labor-intensive (restaurant meals, taxcabs and other local transportation, construction, haircuts and other personal services of all kinds, etc.). Finally, labor is far less internationally mobile than capital. As a result, services tend to be much cheaper in countries with large numbers of unskilled or low-skilled workers (no $300 haircuts in Dhaka or Dar es Salaam!) Cheaper services pull down the PPP exchange rate relative to the market exchange rate.

按购买力平价汇率计算的GDP不同于按市场汇率计算的GDP(在Quora上通常被称为“名义GDP”)，主要是因为各国之间存在着服务成本的差异。

服务业在大多数国家的国内生产总值中占了相当大的份额；除了通过互联网提供的服务外，大多数服务都不能进行国际贸易，因此它们的价格取决于每个国家内部的供需平衡。

此外，许多服务都是相当劳动密集型的(餐馆用餐、出租车和其他当地交通工具、建筑、理发和其他各种个人服务等)。

最后，劳动力的国际流动性远不如资本。因此，在拥有大量非技术或低技能工人的国家，服务往往要便宜得多！便宜的服务价格拉低了相对于市场汇率的购买力平价汇率。