As many manufacturers are shifting their factories from China to Vietnam, do we expect better qualities in Made in Vietnam than Made in China?

许多制造商将工厂从中国转移到越南，越南制造的质量会超过中国制造吗？

以下是Quora网友的评价：

Arch Stanton

WHEN Vietnam manufactures tunnel boring machines AND EXPORTS THEM WORLDWIDE: then get back to us.

WHEN Vietnam manufactures heavy duty trucks AND EXPORTS THEM WORLDWIDE: then get back to us.

WHEN Vietnam manufactures EV passenger vehicles and EV buses AND EXPORTS THEM TO SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA AND EUROPE AND WEST ASIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: then get back to us.

等越南造出隧道掘进机并出口到世界各地的时候

等越南造出重型卡车并出口到世界各地的时候

等越南造出电动乘用车和电动公共汽车并出口到南美、非洲、欧洲、西亚和东南亚的时候

WHEN Vietnam manufactures consumer drones AND OWN 80% OF THE DRONE MARKET - AND EXPORTS THEM WORLDWIDE: then get back to us.

WHEN Vietnam creates a social media site that has 1.5 BILLION WORLDWIDE users: then get back to us.

WHEN Vietnam has international construction firms building high speed rail and expressways and other infrastructure across the planet: then get back to us.

WHEN Vietnam manufactures high speed trainsets AND EXPORTS THEM WORLDWIDE: then get back to us.

等越南造出消费无人机、占据80%的无人机市场，并将其出口到世界各地的时候

等越南创建出一个拥有15亿全球用户的社交媒体网站的时候

等越南创立了国际建筑公司、在全球范围内修建高铁、高速公路和其他基础设施的时候

当越南制造高铁并出口到世界各地时，那就回到我们这里来。

He11, WHEN Vietnam manufactures ANY train locomotives and/or passenger train coaches: then get back to us.

WHEN Vietnam is building BY THEMSELVES, their domestic high speed rail network WITH NO OUTSIDE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE: then get back to us.

等越南造出火车机车和/或客运列车车厢的时候

等越南在没有外部援助的情况下自己搭建出国内高铁网络的时候

咱们再来讨论这个问题。

Phillip Avery

In theory, the quality should be the same if they conform to ISO international standards. And I would expect that to be the case for any name-brand products. However, there are many unfamiliar brands coming from Asia in general, and it is difficult to tell if they have ISO certified facilities and processes, or if they are a 3-person board shop.

And what I am saying applies to all factories everywhere, this is not specific to China or Vietnam.

理论上，如果符合ISO国际标准，质量应该都是一样的。我认为所有名牌产品都是如此。但总的来说，亚洲有许多不太知名的品牌，很难判断他们是否有ISO认证的设施和流程，是不是就是三个人的小公司。

我所说的适用于世界各地的所有工厂，并不只针对中国或越南。

Zoltan Balint

Why are they shifting to Vietnam. Love to know and who is shifting. Has it got something to do with China cracking down on polution generated by those shifting to Vietnam or is it The magnificent Trump and his war on China and those manufacturers thought if Trump stays in power and keeps the tariff war going they will not be able to sell anything in America since Americans will not pay the extra cost of the tariff Trump told Americans they now had to pay if Americans wanted anything from China.

为什么他们要把工厂转移到越南。我很想知道原因，也很想知道哪些品牌在迁移。这可能跟中国打击工业污染有关（那些迁移的工厂制造了污染），还是跟特朗普和他向中国宣战有关，那些制造商可能担心如果特朗普继续掌权，关税战争持续不断，他们就无法在美国销售任何中国制造的商品了，因为特朗普告诉美国人，如果他们想购买中国的任何商品，现在起就必须支付额外的关税成本了，但美国人是不会买账的。

Sekiguchi Masanori

Foreign companies regulate what quality they want so I doubt much will change. However the parts they use from Chinese companies will decrease, so in that respect products will improve.

外国企业会把控他们想要的质量，所以我觉得不会有多大改变。不过他们使用的中国企业生产的零部件将逐步减少，在这个意义上，产品质量会得到改善。

Patrick Khaw

Manufacturers move factories when it makes economic sense to do so. Sometimes, these moves are motivated by political considerations but profits will trump politics almost every time.

Some people think that moving a factory is like changing your address. It is not. Moving to a new home can be expensive; moving a factory is even more so.

只要有经济效益，制造商就会转移工厂。有的时候，这些举动是出于政治考量，但几乎每次都是利益压倒政治。

有些人认为搬迁工厂只是换个地址罢了。但事实并非如此。搬家已经不便宜了，搬厂就更是如此。

Then the owners must consider the availability of land for the factory, access to a pool of trained labour, a reliable supply of utilities, ease of obtaining raw materials, the exstence of a good transport network to move raw materials in and finished goods out, a safe environment, stable labour relations, favourable tax laws, investor incentives … and more.

To return to my moving home analogy, the homeowner looks at the cost of the new home, the costs associated with moving, the amenities (schools, shops, clinics, hospitals, train and bus stations) available, whether it’s a safe neighbourhood, proxmity to a good transport network … etc, etc.

然后，制造商还必须考虑有没有土地、有没有熟练劳动力、有没有可靠的公用事业供应、能不能便利地获得原材料、是没有良好的运输网络运入原材料并运出成品、有没有安全的环境、稳定的劳资关系、适宜的税法、投资者激励等等。

比如前文提到的搬家，我们要考虑新家的租/售价格、搬家的成本、配套设施(学校、商店、诊所、医院、火车站和公交车站)、社区是否安全、交通是否便捷等等。

So a manufacturer has to decide if moving from an established factory to a new location makes sense and this essentially means how it will affect immediate, medium-term, and long-term profitability.

Now we can get to the thrust of your question: It is possible that a made in other than China may be of better quality. Is it likely? Maybe. Chinese workers have decades of experience and unless Vietnamese (or workers from other countries) have similar experience, they are unlikely to match the output and quality of experienced employees.

因此，制造商必须判断从现址迁往新址是否有意义，这将影响工厂近期、中期和长期盈利能力。

现在我们可以切入你问题中的要点了：中国以外地区制造的产品可能质量更好。这有可能吗？也许吧。中国工人有着几十年的经验，除非越南(或其他国家的工人)也拥有类似的经验，否则他们的产出和质量不太可能会跟经验丰富的员工相匹配。

This is not an argument against moving factories out of China. Manufacturers will move if it is in their interests and if their cost-benefit analysis suggests that moving is the correct decision.

China is happy to see the manufacture of some goods move elsewhere. Principally these would be low-tech , low-cost, and labour-intensive products. China is moving into high-tech and high-value products as it moves up the economic ladder. It is not content to be the world’s cheap factory for ever.

这些都不是反对将工厂迁出中国的理由。如果搬迁符合制造商的利益，如果他们的成本效益分析表明搬迁是正确的决定，制造商就会搬迁。

中国很乐意看到某些商品的制造转移到其他地方，主要是低技术、低成本和劳动密集型产品。随着中国经济的发展，中国正在逐步转向高科技和高附价值的产品。中国不满足于永远做世界廉价工厂。

I have lived in my current home for 30 years. It is a 10-minute walk to the train and bus station. My local shop centre is a 15-minute walk away. The freeway entrance is about 10 minutes away. I am 10–15 minutes away from my beach (I surf most days), when my children were younger, they walked to their primary school (a safe 10-minutes walk on quiet streets with many other neighbourhood children for company). They attended a specialist music school in stead of the local high school that they could walk to but it was an easy train and bus ride (and cheap too).

我已经在现在的房子里住了30年了。从这里步行到火车站和汽车站只需要10分钟。当地的购物中心距离这里要步行15分钟，离高速公路入口大约有10分钟路程，距离海滩有10-15分钟的路程(我大部分时间都在冲浪)。我的孩子们还小的时候，他们会步行去小学(在安静的街道上步行10分钟是安全的，有许多邻居的孩子一起作伴)。他们去一所专业的音乐学校上学，但坐火车和公共汽车也都很方便(也很便宜)。

My street in safe by Australian standards and I am on good terms with many of my neighbours.

While my home is a bit big for just my wife and I (we raised four children here), we are unlikely to move.

But I am not a factory.

按照澳大利亚的标准，我居住的街道是很安全的，我和我的许多邻居关系都很好。

虽然我家对我和妻子来说有点大(我们在这里抚养了四个孩子)，但我们不太可能搬家。

但我毕竟不是工厂。

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

Vietnam doesn't have a tenth of China's scale

A Single Clothing Hub can give you 550,000 Units of Clothing in a week

A Single Shoe Hub line can churn out 36,000 Units (18,000 Pairs) a day

So China still commands maxmum attraction for anyone with Mass Manufacturing Demand

Vietnam simply cannot give you these numbers

India cannot give you these numbers

Mexco cannot give you these numbers

COMBINED THEY CANNOT GIVE YOU THESE NUMBERS

越南的规模不及中国的十分之一

一个服装中心一周可以生产55万件服装

一条鞋类中心生产线每天可以生产3.6万件(1.8万双)鞋

因此，对于拥有大规模制造业需求的公司来说，中国仍然具有最大的吸引力

越南根本无法满足这个产量

印度也无法满足这个产量

墨西哥也无法满足这个产量

他们加在一起也还是无法满足这个产量

Yes the wages have risen in China

No doubt

Even so most manufacturers would shave off a small portion of their profit than migrate to Vietnam and simply lose half their volume

Plus Domestic Demand in China is surging and China has a huge market compared to Vietnam

Would any manufacturer risk losing the Chinese market by moving to Vietnam????

是的，中国的工资上涨了

毫无疑问

即便如此，大多数制造商宁愿减少一小部分利润，也不愿迁移到越南，损失一半的产量

此外，中国的国内需求正在飙升，与越南相比，中国拥有巨大的市场

真的会有制造商冒着失去中国市场的风险去越南吗？？

So

Most of these manufacturers set up additional foundries in Vietnam during the Covid crisis and will not expand them for now

Those who manufacture in Vietnam must have gone with Chinese blessings and will still have the Chinese market access

所以

这些制造商中的大多数在新冠疫情期间在越南建立了新的代工厂，目前不会继续扩建

那些在越南开展制造的人肯定是得到了中国的祝福，仍然可以进入中国市场。

Kim Hunter

Initially, I don’t think so and I don’t think in the long run it will ever be better.

Mfgs move their production from one country to another to save on costs. It usually takes a number of years to develop a skilled work force. Once workers become skilled they typically demand higher wages.

We often see this in America where we have immigrants who come to the US who are highly skilled like doctors, nurses, programmers and engineers. If they can’t make the money they think they deserve these skilled workers move somewhere they will get the pay they deserve. It works this way all up and down the manufacturing chain as well.

起初，我不这么认为，从长远来看，我也不认为它会变得更好。

跨国公司将生产线从一个国家转移到另一个国家，目的是为了节省成本。培养一支熟练的劳动力队伍通常需要几年的时间。但工人变成熟练工了，他们通常就会要求涨工资。

我们在美国经常能看到这种情况，高技能的移民们来到美国，比如医生、护士、程序员和工程师。如果他们不能赚到他们认为应得的钱，这些技术工人就会去到别的地方，得到应得的报酬。在整个制造链上也是如此。

Because of Chinese and the danger they present to being a reliable future supplier a lot of manufacturing is being moved out of China and that is being reflected in the growth rate of their GDP, or rather lack of growth. It is not only the US who is worried about this but a lot of European countries as well.

For now Vietnam will be one the beneficiaries of some of this movement but expect it to go to other countries as well.

由于中国以及他们对未来可靠供应商的威胁，许多制造业正在从中国转移出去，这反映在他们的GDP增长率上，或者更确切地说，是增长乏力。对此感到担忧的不仅是美国，还有许多欧洲国家。

目前，越南将成为这一运动的受益者之一，但预计最终也还是会继续流向其他国家。

Yevgeniy Leto

It would be worse at first. It takes time to train workers and tune machines and even more expensive because they also need to set up the infrastructure.

Over time, quality will improve and cheaper as people are trained and factories become more efficient.

这么做一开始会比较糟糕。培训工人和调整机器需要时间，甚至成本更高，因为他们还需要建设基础设施。

但随着时间的推移，随着工人的培训和工厂的效率提高，产品质量就会提高，成本也会降低。

Paul Lee

For many items, from shoes and clothing or labor intensive manufacturing, Vietnam does offer a higher skilled workforce and quality products.

从鞋子和服装到劳动密集型制造业，越南确实提供了更熟练的劳动力和更高质量的产品。

Rudolph C Wade

Not necessarily. The new manufactories will be using the same dies and templates. You don’t improve the quality of a product by moving the production across a border unless you improve the quality of the design.

不一定。新工厂使用的是相同的模具和模板。除非你能提高设计的质量，否则你无法通过将生产转移到另一个国家来提高产品的质量。

ThienLuan Le

In a completely objective view: China.

China has mastered a lot of important technologies. So, the manufacturing capacity of China is much stronger than Vietnam. Vietnam is having a lot of efforts on improving the capacity of manufacturing, but still incomparable with that of China. But in long term, everything is still unpredictable.

从一个完全客观的角度来看：中国。

中国已经掌握了许多重要的技术。所以，中国的制造能力比越南强得多。越南在提高制造业能力方面做了很多努力，但仍然无法与中国相提并论。但从长远来看，一切都存在变数。