中国是如何称霸钢铁生产行业的，为什么美国允许中国垄断这个有价值的行业，美国能赶上并超过他们吗

How did China absolutely dominate the steel production industry? Why is the US letting China have a massive monopoly in this valuable industry? Can the US catch up and surpass them?

中国是如何称霸钢铁生产行业的？为什么美国允许中国垄断这个有价值的行业？美国能赶上并超过他们吗？

以下是Quora网友的评价：

Krishna Kumar Subramanian

Hey! You just lost US Steel to the Japanese!

United States Steel agreed Monday to be acquired by Nippon Steel in a $14.1 billion deal that would give the Japanese corporation a major role in U.S. steelmaking and end the independence of one of America’s oldest, most storied industrial enterprises.

It’s not a done deal yet, but one of the world’s largest steelmakers, U.S. Steel, founded 122 years ago, created by J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie and others and played an integral role in U.S. 20th-century industrialization.

嘿！你们刚刚把美国钢铁卖给日本了！

美国钢铁公司周一同意接受新日铁141亿美元的收购要约。这笔交易将使这家日本公司在美国钢铁制造业中获得重要地位，并终结了这个美国历史最悠久、最具传奇的工业企业之一的独立经营。

虽然还没有最终达成协议，但美国钢铁公司这家全球最大的钢铁制造商之一成立于122年前，由摩根大通、安德鲁·卡内基等人创建，在美国20世纪的工业化进程中发挥了不可或缺的作用。

Now it’ll go under Japanese ownership.

Acquiring U.S. Steel, which has production capacity for 20 million metric tons of steel annually, would make Nippon Steel the world’s second-biggest steel producer by capacity behind China Baowu Steel Group, according to figures from the World Steel Association.

For the whole of the 20th century and a quarter of the 21st, the rest of the world, particularly the populated east, wondered why the US had a lead in every valuable industry.

Now the times, they are a-changing.

Now it’s time the U.S. asked the same question about itself.

China, India, Vietnam are waiting.

现在它就要归日本所有了。

据世界钢铁协会的数据，收购年产能达2,000万吨的美国钢铁公司，能使新日铁成为产能仅次于中国宝武钢铁集团的全球第二大钢铁生产商。

在整个20世纪和21世纪四分之一的时间里，世界其他地区，尤其是人口稠密的东方，都好奇为什么美国在每一个有价值的行业都处于领先地位。

现在时代开始变了。

现在轮到美国对自己提出这个问题了。

中国、印度、越南都在伺机而动。

Stephen Richards

Big population +

Strong internal demand. China is the ‘factory of the world’ and involved in a LOT of infrastructure development. It is the country with the highest demand for steel (by far—with these figures indicating it consumes more steel than the rest of the world combined: Apparent Consumption of Finished Steel Products )

It is only natural that such a country would dominate steel production.

The US doesn’t even have 10% of China’s production, so surpassing that isn’t going to happen in the foreseeable future. The US can, however, work on (re)develo its industrial base, invest in infrastructure development as well as support its own steel industry.

人口规模大。

内需强劲。中国是“世界工厂”，参与了大量基础设施建设。中国是钢铁需求最高的国家。到目前为止，这些数据表明中国消耗的钢铁比世界上其他国家的总和还要多：成品钢铁表观消费量

这样一个国家称霸钢铁生产行业是很自然的事。

美国的钢铁产量还不到中国的10%，所以在可预见的未来，美国是不可能超越中国的。但美国可以努力(重新)发展工业基础，投资基础设施建设，并扶持钢铁行业的发展。

Kevin Savage

US only need to prevail in their home market for national needs, export of finished goods and national security. No different for China.

美国只需要在国内市场取胜，满足美国的需求、钢铁制品出口和国家安全。中国也不例外。

Peter Kaye

Why is the US LETTING? China? I have news for you, there is nothing the US can do about it. China does its own thing, always has, always will, as far as steel production goes? It’s no different than anything else, they can produce it cheaper than anyone else, that in turn makes everything they make from that steel cheaper as well. I have to smile at the arrogance of the question, the US, LETTING China? that is funny.

你觉得是美国成全了中国？我告诉你，美国对此根本就是无能为力。在钢铁生产方面，中国一直专心致志，心无旁骛。这和其他东西并没有什么不同，他们的钢铁生产成本比其他国家更低，这反过来也使得他们的钢铁制品更加便宜。我对这个傲慢的问题只能一笑置之，美国允许中国称霸？搞笑呢吧。

PeaceNotWar

China monopolizes almost every base material that is of the raw form including minerals, metal ores, rare earths, chemicals,… as it is a dirty labor-intensive mining, processing, extracting and refining industry where cheaper, talented and hardworking workers are widely available. The richer and more developed countries like the USA shy away from such industries over time. They can’t compete in terms of cost, efficiency and technology development.

中国垄断了几乎所有原材料，包括矿物、金属矿石、稀土、化学品……因为这是一个肮脏的劳动密集型的采矿、加工、提取和精炼行业，收入微薄、技术熟练又勤劳吃苦的工人随处可得。随着时间的推移，像美国这样更富裕、更发达的国家会对这些行业敬而远之。他们在成本、效率和技术发展方面无法竞争。

China today is able to develop metals of the highest grade and some of these are being used secretly in their military weapon and commercial technological application like aircraft frames, warheads, aircraft engines, satellites…. to make them lighter, stronger, harder, thermal resistant, fuel efficient, faster…

Can the USA catch up and surpass China? No the business people have recently sold their crown jewel US Steel to Japan’s Nippon Steel subject to congressional approval. Understand the politicians are concerned and some quarters are trying to stop it. This is one of many US industries that may soon go the way of the dodos.

今天的中国能够研制出最高品级的金属，有一些会被秘密用于军事武器和科技商业化应用上，如飞机框架、弹头、飞机发动机、卫星....让它们变得更轻、更强、更硬、更耐热、更省油、更快……

美国能赶上并超过中国吗？不，美国商人最近把明星企业美国钢铁出售给了日本新日铁，但仍须得到国会的批准。理解政客们的担忧，有些人正试图阻止这一交易。这是美国众多可能很快走上灭绝之路的行业之一。

John Donivan

The story I heard some time ago- from steel industry experts - is profit taking. A common ailment in America.

The steel industry was established in America long ago and the companies were corporations. So they took profits and instead of re-investing those profits into modernizing equipment they payed it to investors. And the plants became old and obsolete little by little.

And so when China decided to go big into steel they built modern, state of the art plants and by then it was too late for American steel. So China just stepped into the driver’s seat.

我前段时间听钢铁行业专家说过，是获利了结，落袋为安。这是美国社会的常见病了。

钢铁工业很久以前就在美国出现了，各家公司都是大型企业。所以他们获得利润后，没有把这些利润再投资于设备的现代化升级，而是把它返还给了投资者。这些钢铁厂慢慢老旧、过时了。

因此，当中国决定大举进军钢铁业时，他们建造了现代化的先进工厂，对美国钢铁行业来说已经为时晚矣。中国坐上了驾驶座。

American steel HAS updated in some ways and some places, now. But it is no longer dominant.

This thing of taking profits instead of reinvesting has happened in several areas of industry and I’m sure America isn’t alone in that.

Many of us in business understand the fundamentals - keep moving forward or you will fall behind.

现在，美国钢铁在某些方面和某些地方已经进行了升级改造，但它已经不再占优势了。

这种获利了结、不再投资的做法在好几个工业领域都发生过，我相信美国并不是唯一这样做的国家。

很多商界人士都明白这个基本道理—永不止步，不进则退。

Joseph Boyle

Most consumption has been in China for construction as well as manufacturing. China used more steel in 3 years than the US in the entire 20th century.

中国的大部分钢铁消费来自建筑业和制造业。中国在3年内消耗的钢铁比美国在整个20世纪消耗的还要多。

Trae Hawkins

Why did the US steel industry collapse?

为什么美国钢铁行业会崩盘？

The US steel industry collapsed? Someone forgot to tell those of us actually in the steel industry. I’ve been doing it successfully for 26 years now and never had to worry about finding work.

Yes, overall steel production has fallen but, based on recent figures, the US is still the fourth largest steel producer in the world behind China, India, and Japan

China is bigger than the rest of the top ten combined. That has everything to do with currency manipulation, state planning/loans and almost no environmental regulation.

美国钢铁工业崩盘了？是不是有人忘了告诉我们这些身在钢铁行业的人呢。我已经在钢铁行业干了26年，事业有成，从来不用担心找工作。

是的，整体钢铁产量有所下降，但根据最近的数据，美国仍然是全球第四大钢铁生产国，仅次于中国、印度和日本。

中国的钢铁产量超过了前10名中其他国家产量的总和。这一切都与货币操纵、国家计划/贷款以及几乎为零的环境监管有关。

For the US, it hardly sounds like an industry staring at collapse. Just in my segment, flatroll, I've seen numerous brand new steel mills open in Decatur, AL, Muscatine, IA, Mobile, AL, Ahoskie, NC, Columbus, MS, Osceola, AR, and Calvert, AL. Old mills, like Baytown, TX have been refurbished under new owners. Nucor is building a brand new, multi-billion dollar plate mill in Kentucky near the Ohio River. US Steel is building a new facility on the site of their old mill in Fairfield, AL and adding a new line with next-gen technology at their flagship works, Mon Valley, PA. I'm sure I have forgotten a few and I haven't even touched on all the other segments like bars, shapes, beams, tool steels, etc.

对美国来说，钢铁行业并不像是一个即将崩盘的行业。在我所在的细分领域，平面轧辊，就看到亚拉巴马州的迪凯特、爱荷华州的马斯卡廷、亚拉巴马州的莫比尔、北卡罗来纳州的亚哈斯基、密西西比州的哥伦布、阿肯色州的奥西奥拉、亚拉巴马州的卡尔维特新开了很多钢厂。得克萨斯州贝城的旧钢厂在换了新业主后进行了翻新。纽柯钢铁公司正在肯塔基州靠近俄亥俄河的地方建造一个全新的，数十亿美元的钢板厂。美国钢铁公司正在其位于美国费尔菲尔德的旧址上建造一座新工厂，同时还在其位于宾夕法尼亚州蒙谷的旗舰工厂增加了一条新的生产线。钢铁行业的新动向肯定不止上述这些，而且我还没提及其他细分领域，比如棒，形状，梁，工具钢等。

Yes, the steel industry has seen a lot of peaks and valleys. It's a lot like the airlines, capital intensive, boom and bust cycles, unions, and flamboyant successes and failures.

But it endures. It's a striking example of capitalism and creative destruction. Most folks I know that get in it rarely leave. It gets in your blood, it's a passion.

We never collapsed. We struggled but we prevailed and we're not going away. Our country, at least for now and the foreseeable future, will need US steel.

是的，钢铁行业经历了很多高峰和低谷。这和航空公司很像，资本密集、大起大落、工会、要么极好要么极差。

但钢铁行业会持续下去。这是zb主义和创造性破坏的一个极端例子。我认识的大多数人入行后很少离开。它进入了你的血液，它是一种激情。

我们是挣扎过，但我们取得了胜利，我们不会离开。我们的国家，至少在现在和可预见的未来，还需要美国钢铁。

Jon Peterson

Why doesn't the USA import steel from China instead of Canada to build defence industries? China's steel is much cheaper and have extremely abundant steel production in the world.

为什么美国不从中国进口钢铁，而要从加拿大进口钢铁来建设国防工业？中国钢铁的价格便宜很多，而且拥有极其丰富的钢铁产量。

‘Steel’ is an umbrella term for a large number related, but very different metal products.

There are a a huge number of alloys and grades of steel. Some are easy to make and some are much harder. The steel in an engine block, a door panel, a brake disk, and a coil spring are all very different, and that's just a few parts of a car.

There are a huge number of treatments and finishes for steel products.

There are shapes from bars, sheets, tubes, rods, ingots etc.

Not all steel production facilities can make all grades in all the shapes that people want.

Steel is heavy and ship it can be a significant cost component, too.

“钢铁”是一个大类总称，包含了大量相关但又非常不同的金属产品。

各种合金和各个等级的钢材品类繁多。有些很容易生产，有些很难。发动机缸体、门板、刹车盘和线圈弹簧中的钢材都非常不同，而这只是汽车的几个部件。

钢铁产品需要大量的处理工序。

有棒材、板材、管材、棒材、铸锭等各种造型。

并不是所有的钢铁厂都能生产出人们想要的所有形状、所有等级的产品。

钢铁很重，运输成本也很高。

Joshua Gross

Is it possible to get into the steel industry business? Haven't the big companies (for example in the United States) formed monopolies and you just won't be able to survive?

Are you suggesting that you want to start steel production in the United States? Yeah, that's not gonna happen. It's not that no steel is made in the US, but only a small fraction of what we use is. And yes, it's made by long-term players. There is absolutely potential for new businesses related to steel in the US, but the manufacture of steel itself? No, you are not going to be successful.

大公司(比如美国的)不是已经形成垄断，让小企业无法生存了吗?

你是说你想在美国进行钢铁生产吗？那是不可能的。我并不是说美国不生产钢铁，而是我们使用的钢铁中只有一小部分是美国制造的。是的，它是由老牌厂家制作的。在美国，与钢铁相关的新业务绝对是有潜力的，但至于钢铁制造本身呢？不，你是不可能成功的。

Michael Wardell

Is the industrial sector of the United States truly reliant on China’s?

I’d hope that — at a minimum — some parts are yet competitive with China’s industrial sector. Nevertheless, they do share some striking similarities:

organized labor,

collective bargaining,

waste, fraud and abuse, and

transparent implications of violence.

Perhaps they rely on each other for mutual support.

美国工业真的依赖中国吗？

我希望—至少—某些工业行业还能和中国竞争。但美国的工业行业确实有一些惊人的相似之处：