Can India still become a manufacturing giant, or did we lose our chance?

印度还能成为制造业巨头吗，我们已经失去机会了吗？

以下是Quora网友的评价：

Aachri Tyagi

By the looks of it. As of now doubtful. China has marched way ahead of us in this area and has established its leadership

Moreover, the initiatives taken by the new government headed by Prime Minister Mr. Modi have strengthened up investor confidence tremendously. The Make In India campaign has a positive impact on this and has raised the level of government's cooperation towards the investors.

目前看起来还不确定。中国在这方面已经走在我们前面了，树立了自己的领导地位。

此外，莫迪总理领导的新政府推出的举措极大地增强了投资者的信心。“印度制造”运动产生了积极影响，提高了政府对投资者的合作水平。

This presents a moment of opportunity for India which can reap rich dividends by creating a manufacturing-friendly environment and offering lucrative deals to global players for setting up units in India.

Many companies are trying to move out not only from China but also, from the US. From my analysis in the last 6 months around 60% of the company refer to India as a preferred location. India already has a few of the leading ODMs, Electronics Manufacturers in the world, I think India will create a world-class manufacturing ecosystem.

这给印度带来了一个机会，打造一个对制造业友好的环境，为在印度设厂的全球企业提供优厚的条件，印度就可以获得丰厚的红利。

许多公司不仅考虑撤出中国，也考虑撤出美国。从我过去6个月的分析来看，大约60%的公司把印度作为首选地点。印度已经拥有一些世界领先的原创设计制造商和电子制造商，我认为印度将创造一个世界级的制造业生态系统。

Udith Dhruv

We can. but it depends on leadership and political will as well as the ability of the Indian state to change its way of functioning.

We have missed the manufacturing bus, train, plane, and bullock cart in the past. While several Socialist countries opened up and reformed their economies in the late 70s to the 90s, we stubbornly refused to change. China opened up in the late 70s, Singapore was well on its way even in the 60s, and so did Saudi Arabia(Oil) and Malaysia, and Vietnam(90s). We need to embrace a free market economy and freer trade and dump India’s tax terrorism. We need to reform the creaky bloating paan-stained Indian bureaucracy and its colonial-era police and judicial system. We need govt to focus more on healthcare and education and encouragement of entrepreneurship and not run airlines and biscuit factories. It needs to invest in Science & technology & research, not on loan waivers, subsidies, or freebies to get a few votes.

我们可以。但这取决于领导层和政治意愿，以及印度政府调整运作方式的能力。

印度错过了公共汽车、火车、飞机和牛车。当好几个社会主义国家在70年代末到90年代纷纷开放市场、改革经济时，印度依然顽固地拒绝改变。

中国在70年代末改革开放，新加坡60年代就开始改革，沙特阿拉伯、马来西亚和越南也都成功改革了。我们需要拥抱自由市场经济和更自由的贸易，抛弃印度的税收恐怖主义。

我们需要改革陈旧臃肿的印度官僚机构及殖民时期沿用至今的警察和司法体系。

我们需要印度政府多加关注医疗和教育，鼓励创业，而不要只知道经营航空公司和饼干厂。

印度必须投资于科学技术和研究，不要只知道通过贷款豁免、补贴或免费赠品来换取选票。

India has inculcated the worst attributes of every empire or religion in it and turned it into a nightmarish post-apocalyptic dystopia. Indian casteism, British classism, and socialistic aversion to wealth and private enterprise have sunk us. We need to take the best attributes of each religion, culture, and the Govts that came before and reject the worst. Do not throw out the baby with the bathwater.

For that, we need fundamental reform of political parties. PV Narasimha Rao made history when he turned to pragmatism rather than hold on to obsolete ideologies and worked with the opposition and brought talent from outside to reform the economy. MNS started out good, but he still had the party of the old elite and 10–15 coalition members who walked out of the parliament every time he tried to do something, not to mention the corruption and policy paralysis. His decisions on SEZ, FDI, nuclear plants, and such were great but due to politics, they crashed.

印度接受了每个帝国或宗教的最糟糕的属性，把自己变成了一个噩梦般的后末世的反乌托邦。印度的种姓制度、英国的阶级主义，以及社会主义对财富和私营企业的排斥，都让我们深陷泥潭。我们需要吸取每个宗教、文化和政府的优点，摒弃缺点。不要把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒掉。

为此，我们需要从根本上改革印度的政党。纳拉辛哈•拉奥创造了历史，他开始采用实用主义，不再坚持过时的意识形态，他与反对派合作，并从外部引进人才来改革经济。开局还算不错，但他还有一个由老精英组成的政党和10-15名联盟成员，每次他试图做点什么变革，这些人就会闹罢工，更不用说腐败和政策瘫痪了。他在经济特区、外国直接投资、核电站等方面制定的决策都很明智，但由于政治原因，这些决策全都失败了。

Modi started off with Minimum Govt, Maxmum Governance, yet conducted the ill-fated demonetization drive. He has done many positives such as IBC codes, labour laws etc but has also done negatives in the BJP’s drive to win elections by hook or crook and turned to populism in order to do that. Congress needs to drop its decades-old way of functioning and culture and act as a constructive and proactive opposition to the BJP. The parties must abandon the populism of cheap freebies.

莫迪提出弱化政府、强化治理的口号，但他推动了注定失败的废钞运动。他做了许多积极的事情，比如IBC法规、劳动法等，但在人民党为了赢得选举而不择手段的过程中，他也干了些不靠谱的事情，并因此转向了民粹主义。国大党需要放弃几十年来的运作方式和文化，充当人民党的建设性和积极的反对者。两党必须放弃廉价赠品的民粹主义做法。

The governments must become facilitators rather than regulators of business and cut down its size. We need a small, strong and efficient govt; not a large, weak and inefficient one. Rule of law must be followed in land acquisition, banking, finance and strong institutions must be ensured. Incidents such as Singur and Nandigram make businesses stay away. Suppose Tata wants to build a car factory. It buys land but hey that’s wetland so you can’t build there. The govt must then focus on hel Tata find alternate land rather than bulldoze farmlands and wetlands that cause ecological destruction. Proper renumeration must be given to those who give land rather than beat them up using police. If governments start following laws, people will start trusting them.

政府必须成为企业的促进者，而不是监管者，还必须缩减规模。我们需要一个精简、强大和高效的政府，而不是庞大、无力和低效的政府。征地时必须遵循法治，必须确保银行、金融和大机构的利益。Singur和Nandigram等事件让企业敬而远之。假设塔塔想建一家汽车厂。塔塔购买了土地，但那是一块湿地，所以无法在上面建厂。

印度政府就必须集中精力帮助塔塔找到替代土地，而不是简单地铲平农田和湿地，这样做会破坏生态。政府还必须给那些出让土地的人适当的报酬，而不是让警察殴打他们。如果政府带头遵守法律，人们也会开始信任他们。

Education systems need an overhaul from the colonial era to a much more knowledge and learning based one . We must learn skills rather than learn things by heart. We need to improve state colleges and encourage private universities. ITIs are more important than one thinks, for it is there that skilled technicians are made. Cutting of taxes are another big idea.MP Rajeev Chandrasekhar talked about the vision for a low tax rate and a high tax base, yet to be implemented practically, though much progress has been made. Rather than taxng people at 90 percent, having a low tax rate will encourage them to pay their low taxes on time and actually increase tax revenues.

So in short: Cut taxes, reduce regulations and obsolete laws, encourage businesses not crony socialists/capitalists, free markets, small govts, reduce subsidies, proper la and order.

教育系统需要彻底改革，从殖民时代转向一个更加以知识和学习为基础的时代。我们必须学习技能。我们必须改善公立大学，鼓励私立大学。印度理工比人们想象的更重要，因为印度理工培养了熟练的技师。减税也是一个不错的主意。国会议员Rajeev Chandrasekhar谈到了低税率和高税基的税务提案，虽然已经取得了很大进展，但尚未实际实施。低税率可以鼓励人们按时缴纳低额税金，实现税收收入的实际增长。

简而言之：减税，减少监管和过时的法律，鼓励企业发展，自由市场，减少政府干预，减少补贴，修订法律和法规。

Sreejesh S

My brother is into manufacturing, my cousin is into manufacturing. I could tell the actual reasons

我哥哥从事制造业，我表弟从事制造业。所以我知道真正的原因。

Main reason why India lag is the difficulty in getting loans. Most banks offer loan only to big players. It is impossible to get loan for setting up a manufacturing plant in small scale. There are many schemes in paper, but not in practical world. In China, Govt give huge loans for the startups in manufacturing. In the age of automation, everything is done by machines, and to purchase machines, one need Capital.

High interest rates : Housing loan is 6.5%. industrial loan is 9 to 15 %. How can we compete with China where interest rate for industries are too low.

印度落后的主要原因是难以获得贷款。大多数银行只向大公司提供贷款。小规模的制造厂是不可能获得银行贷款的。明面上有许多解决方案，但实际上一个也没有。在中国，政府为制造业初创企业提供巨额贷款。在自动化时代，一切都由机器完成，而购买机器需要资金。

贷款利息高：住房贷款6.5%，工业贷款9%到15%。我们怎么可能跟工业贷款利息较低的中国竞争呢？

Land availability : Land is too expensive in India. Govt allotte land for big corporations and foreign companies, but for small players, only option is to rent a shed. It is extremely difficult for them to expand due to land constraints. In China Govt give land for free to most small scale industries.

Tax burden: IT department is notorious for harassing industrialists. After all the bribes, big rents, and the high interest, huge taxes become a burden.

获得土地：印度的土地太贵了。政府为大公司和外国公司分配土地，但对小企业来说，唯一的选择就是租一个棚屋。由于土地的限制，他们很难扩张。而在中国，政府会给大多数小型工业免费提供土地。

税负：IT部门因骚扰实业家名誉扫地。在贿赂、高额租金和高额利息之后，巨额税收成为了一种很大的负担。

If these 4 issues could be solved, no country could beat India in manufacturing. But unluckily, we never had a strong political leader willing to solve these problems. Let us hope the future leaders would solve these issues.

如果上述4个问题都能解决，那么没有哪个国家能在制造业上打败印度。但很不幸，我们一直没有愿意解决这些问题的强有力的政治领导人，只能希望未来的领导人能够解决这些问题了。

Balachandran Krishnamoorty

We lost several chances.

We missed the first chance when Nehru blatantly relegated the private sector to the background, favouring PSUs. The PSUs failed to excel themselves due to sheer lethargy and the private sector lost the competitive edge due to protectionism

We missed the second chance when Manmohan Singh sold the country to MNCs in the name of liberalization and globalization.

我们失去了几次机会。

我们错过的第一次机会，是当时尼赫鲁公然将民营经济降级，开始支持国有经济。国有经济躺平摆烂，毫无发展，民营经济也因为保护主义失去了竞争优势。

曼莫汉·辛格打着自由化和全球化的名义把国家卖给跨国公司时，我们错过了第二次机会。

We missed the 3rd chance when India joined WTO without preparing the private sector for the global competition.

We missed the 4th chance when India opted out of RCEP which would have exposed the private property sector to competition and made it competitive.

印度加入世贸组织时，我们错过了第三次机会，没有让民营经济为全球竞争做好准备。

印度选择退出区域全面经济伙伴关系协定时，我们错过了第四次机会，民营房地产行业本可以通过竞争，获得竞争力。

Ashis Mukherjee

Yes, we can, but we have to choose wisely and work on it, we have plenty of resources to become giant, just a pin pointed approach with strategic planning is required…

是的，我们可以，但我们必须做好选择并为之努力，我们有足够的资源成为巨人，只是需要有战略性规划的好方法……

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

Step by step. Step one is honest and quality manfacture with adequate financing cushion and credit cover and laws.

If that is reached, lets make it work.

That should be the goal.

Get Quality Products

一步一步来。第一步先要诚信，制造高质量的产品，要有足够的融资信贷保障和法律。

如果这些目标能够达成，就让它发挥作用。

这应该成为我们的目标。

生产优质产品

On the right is a kitchen weighing scale made in China. You can see the Made in China on the label. Cost Rs. 549/-

On the left is the same scale ordered in June 2020. The Made in China has disappeared.

右边是中国制造的厨房称。你可以在标签上看到“中国制造”的字样。价格为549卢比/台。

左边是我于2020年6月订购的一模一样的厨房称。“中国制造”的字样已经不见了。

They simply made a cheaper box and sold the same Chinese Import as Made in India. Cost Rs. 559/-.

Thats Atmanirbhar India. Repackaging the same Chinese Imports in cheaper packages and selling them as Made in India

The Govt said Atmanirbhar so the Manufacturer simply removed the Made in China label.

Open the box and you will find all Chinese parts. Its not even assembled in India.

So first thing is to Stop cheating the People.

他们只是造了一个更便宜的外盒，然后把中国进口商品当作印度制造来出售。价格为559卢比/台。

这就是印度的自力更生。把中国进口商品重新装入更便宜的包装，然后假冒印度制造的商品来出售。

制造商撕掉了中国制造的标签。

但只要打开盒子，你就会发现所有的零件都是中国产的，甚至连组装都不在印度。

所以当务之急就是别再欺骗印度民众了。

Second is make Quality Products

Then well see the next step.

Its like you cannot even pass 7th Standard but you are saying I will take EEE in IIT Povai

二是制造优质商品

然后我们再看看下一步怎么走。

这就好比你连7年级考试都及格不了，但却标榜自己可以考入印度理工学院电子电气专业。