Has China's industrial upgrading succeeded?

中国的产业升级成功了吗？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Elizabeth Henderson

China was always the world’s greatest industrial power. But back then. Nothing was made in China. Everything was made in places like Japan and Germany. The greatest industrial powers today. Besides China.

Things dont need to be made in China just for China to remain as the world’s greatest industrial power. As long as they are still making goods and services. But not actually exporting any of it. China would still be the greatest. Just based on domestic consumption alone.

中国一直是世界上最大的工业强国。但当初所有东西都不是中国制造的，而是在日本和德国等地制造的。除了中国之外，日本和德国也是当今最强大的工业强国。

为了保住中国作为全球最大的工业强国的地位，我们不需要中国制造。中国可以继续生产商品和服务，但千万别出口了。中国依然还是最大的工业强国。只要满足中国国内消费需求就足够了。

Military production alone would continue to keep China as the world’s greatest industrial power.

China’s exports exceed its imports by almost 1 trillion. Thats 1 trillion goods that Chinese people produce. But never get to consume.

If Chinese exports were 4 trillion. And its imports were 4 trillion. Then Chinese would actually be able to enjoy the 4 trillion goods they produce. Because it would pay for the 4 trillion goods that Chinese import to consume.

单单一项军工生产就能让中国继续保持全球最大工业强国的地位。

中国的出口比进口多出近1万亿美元，那是中国人民生产的价值1万亿的商品，但中国人民享受不到。

如果中国出口了4万亿美元，也进口了4万亿美元。这样中国人就能真正享受到他们生产的价值4万亿的商品。因为这些商品可以为中国进口消费的4万亿商品买单。

But thats not whats happening.

So the logical solution. Is to get rid of those 1 trillion and exports. And to convert those factories to military manufacturing.

但事实并非如此。

这就是合理的解决方案：取消这1万亿美元的出口，再把这些工厂改成军工厂。

Peter Ole Kvint

Yes, China's industry has massive overcapacity. China's industries are meant to supply the whole world with goods.

It is superstitious tribesmen who fill up China with factories for religious reasons. In the same way that Buddhists build stupas and Christians build churches, animists build factories so that things can be animated.

是的，中国的工业产能严重过剩了。中国工业想为全世界供应商品。

迷信的部落出于宗教原因在中国建了很多工厂。就像佛教徒建造佛塔，基督教徒建造教堂一样，万物有灵论者建造工厂，激活万物的生机。

It is a sacrifice to build factories so that the production lines in China never become worn out or obsolete.

Although most Chinese are atheists, no one explains to the superstitious tribesmen that the spirits do not exst. And therefore it is not necessary to build factories.

建工厂是一种献祭，所以中国的生产线不会磨损，也不会淘汰。

虽然大多数中国人都是无神论者，但没有人向迷信的部落解释神灵并不存在，也没有必要建造工厂。

Mike Chiew

All factories have turned to fully automation system under China's modern manufacturing era for another 100 years of up tec revolution. Those can't have to look elsewhere where countries could provide cheaper labour. China is smarter entrepreneurs to stay competitive have to stablise the cost and on time delivery services. In fact, they've overcome the issue years ago.

在中国的现代制造业时代，所有工厂都采用了全自动化系统，这是又一场百年技术升级革命。这些企业不必去其他国家寻找更廉价的劳动力。中国就像聪明的企业家，若要保持竞争力，就必须稳定成本、提供准时送货服务。事实上，他们几年前就已经解决了这个问题。

Halfman Huang

Yes, even exceeding Chinese own expectations, the US has speed up the Chinese industrial upgrading, eliminated the time cost of China's market restructuring.

You know, if you want to sell something that others have already in selling, you had to cost lots of time and profit to build your own market, it’s actually the most difficult part.

Thanks to the US, you saved our time on that. I have found that since 1950, the United States seems to have been always in hel China by this way. They adopted tough policies towards China, but always made China sharper.

是的，甚至都超出中国自己的预期了，美国加速了中国的产业升级速度，压缩了中国市场重组的时间成本。

你知道，如果你想卖市面上已经存在的东西，你就必须耗费大量的时间和利润来占领自己的市场，这其实才是最困难的部分。

多亏了美国，你为我们节省了宝贵的时间。我发现，自1950年以来，美国似乎一直在以这种方式帮助中国。他们对中国采取强硬政策，但总是让中国越来越硬气。

Malik Hannan

Yes, China's industrial upgrading has succeeded in many ways. In the past few decades, China has transformed itself from a low-cost manufacturing base to a global leader in innovation and high-tech industries. This success has been driven by a number of factors, including:

是的，中国的产业升级在很多方面都取得了成功。在过去的几十年里，中国已经从一个低端制造业基地转变为全球创新和高科技产业的领导者。中国的成功是由许多因素推动的，包括：

Government policies that promote industrial upgrading. The Chinese government has implemented a number of policies to encourage domestic firms to move up the value chain, including tax breaks, subsidies, and preferential loans.

Foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI has played a major role in China's industrial upgrading, as foreign companies have brought with them advanced technologies and management practices.

Domestic demand. As China's economy has grown, so has domestic demand for high-quality products. This has created a market for domestic firms that are able to produce these products.

促进产业升级的政府政策。中国实施了一系列政策，鼓励国内企业向价值链上游移动，包括税收减免、补贴和优惠贷款。

外国直接投资。外国直接投资在中国产业升级中发挥了重要的作用，外国公司带来了先进的技术和管理实践。

国内需求。随着中国经济的增长，国内对高质量产品的需求也在增长，为有能力生产高端产品的国内公司创造了一个市场。

As a result of these factors, China has made significant progress in industrial upgrading. In particular, China has become a global leader in the following industries:

在这些因素的共同作用下，中国产业升级取得了显著的进展。特别是在以下行业，中国已经成为全球领导者了：

Electronics. China is the world's largest producer of electronics, including smartphones, computers, and televisions.

Automotive. China is the world's largest producer of automobiles, and it is also a major exporter of cars.

Machinery. China is a major producer of machinery, including industrial robots and machine tools.

New energy. China is a major producer of solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy technologies.

电子产品。中国是全世界最大的电子产品生产国，包括智能手机、电脑和电视。

汽车。中国是全世界最大的汽车生产国，也是主要的汽车出口国。

机械。中国是全世界主要的机械生产国，包括工业机器人和机床。

新能源。中国是太阳能电池板、风力涡轮机和其他可再生能源技术的主要生产国。

While China's industrial upgrading has been a success, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. For example, China needs to continue to invest in research and development in order to maintain its technological edge. Additionally, China needs to address the environmental impact of its industrial sector.

Overall, China's industrial upgrading has been a major success. It has helped to lift millions of people out of poverty and has made China a global economic powerhouse. China is now well-positioned to continue its economic growth in the years to come.

虽然中国的产业升级取得了成功，但还有一些挑战需要解决。例如，中国需要继续投资，进行研发，保持技术优势。此外，中国还需要解决工业生产对环境的影响问题。

总体来看，中国产业升级取得了重大成功，帮助千百万人摆脱了贫困，并使中国成为了全球经济强国。中国现在处于有利地位，可以在未来几年继续保持经济的增长势头。

Felix Su

Even beyond Deng’s wildest dreams.

China is back after 150 years of looting, pillaging, and murder by the West. At every step, the West broke their agreements with China and used every means possible to screw over China.

And now China is back and is already the strongest economy with a powerful military that can defend China against all comers.

是的，甚至已经超出了邓公的设想蓝图。

在被西方掠夺、压榨了150年后，中国终于王者归来了。西方一次又一次地打破了与中国签订的协议，使出一切可能的手段来欺骗中国。

现在中国重振旗鼓，已经成为全球最强大的经济体，拥有强大的军事力量，有能力对付所有对手。

China will only get stronger as time goes on.

China is the only nation with flexble fully robotic factories that can make different models without changing the manufacturing line. And China will continue to advance as China puts most of her money into the civilian economy and continues to go after corrupt politicians and officials.

而且随着时间的推移，中国还会越来越强大。

中国是唯一一个拥有灵活的全线机器人设备工厂的国家，可以在不调整生产线的情况下生产不同的型号。随着中国逐步向民用经济投入巨额资金，追捕腐败的政客，中国将继续向前进。

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

Here is China’s definition of Modernization:

Complete control over Supply Chain

Vertically Integrated Industrial Chains

Integrated Logistics & Ship Systems

Complete Environmental Consciousness in Production and Manufacturing

Independent Capital & Financial Infrastructure

以下是中国对现代化的定义：

完全控制供应链

垂直整合产业链

综合物流与航运系统

在生产和制造过程中具备完善的环境意识

独立资本和金融基础设施

China believes Industrialization is no longer sufficient

South Korea, Japan are highly Industrialized yet neither can survive without the US

China believes in Modernization which means creating an Industrial Infrastructure that is entirely independent of any foreign dependence

China aims to modernize by 2035 by which time China aims for less than 40% energy dependence against 72% today using Renewable and Green Energy for Industries

中国认为仅靠工业化已经不够了。

韩国、日本都已经实现高度工业化，但若离了美国，这两个国家都无法生存

中国一心实现现代化，这意味着中国要打造一套完全独立的工业基础设施

中国的目标是到2035年实现现代化，届时中国的目标是将能源依赖度从目前的72%降低到40%，将可再生能源和绿色能源用于工业生产中。

Samanya Gayanan- GK In Hindi Medium

No, China's industrial transformation is not complete. China has been undergoing a significant industrial transformation for several decades, shifting from an agrarian economy to one dominated by manufacturing and, more recently, services. This transformation has propelled China to become the world's second-largest economy.

However, China still faces challenges as it continues its industrial transformation. Some of the key areas where transformation is ongoing include:

不，中国的产业转型尚未完成。几十年来，中国经历着一场重大的工业转型，从农业经济转向以制造业和近年的服务业为主导的经济。这种转变推动中国成为世界第二大经济体。

但中国在继续推动产业转型的过程中仍然面临着挑战。中国尚未完成转型的一些重要领域包括：

1. Industry upgrading: China is pursuing a shift from low-value manufacturing to higher-value industries such as technology, innovation, and advanced manufacturing. This involves investing in research and development, intellectual property protection, and fostering an environment conducive to innovation.

1. 产业升级：中国正努力从低附加值制造业转向高附加值产业，如技术、创新和先进制造业。这需要投入资金进行科技研发、知识产权保护并营造有利于创新的环境。

2. Environmental sustainability: China faces the challenge of transitioning its economy to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly model. It has been working to address issues related to air pollution, water pollution, and carbon emissions through stricter regulations, increased investment in clean energy, and promoting green technologies.

2. 环境可持续性：中国面临着经济向着更加可持续、更加环保的模式转型的挑战。中国一直致力于通过更严格的法规、增加对清洁能源的投资和推广绿色技术来解决与空气污染、水污染和碳排放有关的问题。

3. Services sector development: China aims to boost its services sector to reduce reliance on manufacturing and exports. This includes expanding industries like finance, healthcare, education, tourism, and entertainment. Fostering the growth of the services sector requires reforms in areas such as deregulation, improving the business environment, and enhancing the quality and efficiency of services.

3. 服务业发展：中国的目标是促进服务业发展，减少对制造业和出口的依赖。这包括扩大金融、医疗、教育、旅游和娱乐等行业。促进服务业发展，需要在放松管制、改善营商环境、提高服务质量和效率等方面进行改革。

4. Regional disparities: China's industrial transformation has not been evenly distributed across its vast territory. Coastal regions, such as Guangdong and Shanghai, have developed more rapidly than inland provinces. The government aims to address regional disparities by implementing targeted policies and promoting investment in less-developed regions.

4. 地区差异：中国的产业转型还没有在幅员辽阔的国土上得到均匀的分布。沿海地区如广东和上海就比内陆省份发展得更快。中国希望通过实施有针对性的政策和促进对欠发达地区的投资来解决地区差距问题。

Overall, while China has made significant progress in its industrial transformation, particularly in terms of manufacturing prowess, there are still ongoing challenges and areas for further development.

总体而言，虽然中国在工业转型方面取得了重大的进展，但仍存在持续的挑战和进一步发展的空间。

Drew M

How effective is Chinese industrial policy?

For about the past 20 years, China has managed to maintain a growth rate of at least 7% per year. That is pretty damn good. Even if the Chinese economy hits a brick wall this year, they will still be much richer than they would without such an effective IP.

中国的产业政策有多牛？

在过去20年左右的时间里，中国一直保持着每年至少7%的经济增长率。这个成绩实在是太令人惊艳了。即使中国经济今年遭遇了瓶颈，还是比尚未推出产业政策前富裕得多了。

Martin Hancock

Have China's manufacturing standards improved in recent years?

China is now class leading in many manufacturing processes especially high volume manufacturing . The caveat is that all goods produced are built to a price structure. The more the customer is prepared to pay the higher the investment in staff training and quality checks with cheaper goods in general being of lower quality but the level of automation also plays a part with larger automated production lines able to produce goods at a much lower cost due to their higher efficiency.

近年来，中国的制造标准提高了吗？

中国现在在许多制造工艺方面都已经处于国际领先地位了，尤其是大批量制造。需要注意的是，所有商品都有一个价格构成。客户愿意支付的价格越高，在员工培训和质量检查方面的投资就越高，而便宜的商品通常质量较差，但自动化水平也起到了一定的作用，大型自动化生产线的生产效率更高，所以能够以更低的成本生产商品。

Peter Kaye

Has China finished the industries update?

Nope, industries update, will NEVER be finished, new inventions and innovations will continue forever.

中国的产业升级完成了吗？

不，产业升级永远不会结束，新的发明和创新会层出不穷，永远持续。