为什么印度政府一门心思搞半导体，不重视低端制造业

Why is the Indian government obsessing about semiconductors and not focusing on bringing in low-end manufacturing which will create millions of jobs in the informal sector?

为什么印度政府一门心思搞半导体，不重视低端制造业？低端制造业可以创造数百万个就业机会呢。

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Prem K

We do not have a choice but to invest in the semiconductor business because India is far behind China,US, Europe, Taiwan, Turkey etc when it comes to our electronics industry.

Fact is, we have barely any capability to produce even outdated chips.

Without these chips we will be at the mercy of China, US etc for all our electronics needs including for defense, communications, avionics, guidance systems,IoT, renewable energy etc and that is a really bad situation.

因为我们别无选择，只能投资半导体业务，因为印度在电子工业方面远远落后于中国、美国、欧洲、台湾、土耳其等国。

事实上，我们几乎连生产过时芯片的能力都没有。

缺了这些芯片，我们在各个领域的电子设备需求就会受制于中国和美国等国，包括国防、通信、航空电子、制导系统、物联网、可再生能源等，这是非常糟糕的局面。

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

Profitability

India has changed from 2013

From fully importing, we now assemble everything within India

We also contribute to around 12% to 30% of the supply chain for most manufacturing

Yet for Laptops, Consumer electronics, Air Conditioning, Refrigeration and a whole host of products we assemble:-

Our Profitability is extremely low

盈利能力

印度已经和2013年不一样了

我们已经从最初的完全进口，到现在可以在印度完成所有组装工作

我们还为大多数制造业贡献了约12%至30%的供应链

但对于笔记本电脑、消费电子产品、空调、冰箱和我们组装的大批产品来说：

我们的盈利能力极低

The reason is because we import almost all the chips required from China. These aren't the 3 nm Or 5 nm Chips used in Smartphones but 45 nm or 100 nm Chips Or even 300 nm Chips used in Smart Electronics & Intelli Applications

原因是我们所需的所有芯片几乎都是从中国进口的。这些芯片还不是智能手机使用的3nm或5nm芯片，而是智能电子产品和智能应用中使用的45nm或100nm芯片，甚至300nm芯片

Especially in the field of Drones

The entire electronics and microprocessor units for Drones are imported from China even for Defense use (Cleared in August 2023)

尤其是在无人机领域

无人机的全套电子元件和微处理器单元都是中国进口的，连国防用品也是如此(2023年8月批准)。

This means for all our products assembled in India :-

We are low in the VALUE CHAIN

We have no manufacturing leverage

We depend entirely on foreign countries for Mother Machines, Electronics, Semi Finished Components for our manufacturing

这意味着我们在印度组装的所有产品：

处于价值链的低端

没有制造资源

我们的制造完全依赖国外的机床，电子元件，半成品元器件

Our Government gets more money from taxes but the manufacturers themselves make very small profits and so have to ensure large mark ups which result in higher priced products

This means Manufacturers aren't very keen on continuing assembly in this style

Chinese Manufacturers did because they had huge scale but Indian manufacturers have barely 15% scale of what China did even in 2009

我们的政府通过税收赚到不少钱，但制造商自己的利润非常薄，所以必须大幅加价，结果产品价格大幅上涨

这也导致制造商不太热衷于继续组装

中国制造商之所以获得成功，是因为他们已经拥有规模效应，但印度制造商现在的规模也只有中国2009年规模的15%。

So the Manufacturers/Assemblers are saying

Look. You make more money in Taxes. Yet we make lesser money than when we imported from China and sold on commission. Plus we got SME loans to pay off. We want more profits.

After all a Dell Laptop that cost ₹55, 000/- when imported from China, now costs ₹ 60,000/- when assembled in India

By all laws of economics, it's cost must be reduced by at least 20% given our low labor costs

所以制造商/装配商说：

你们政府赚了不少税金。但我们的利润还赶不上从中国进口、加价销售赚得多。我们还得偿还中小企业经营贷款。我们也想多赚点利润。

毕竟，一台戴尔笔记本电脑直接从中国进口，价格为5.5万卢比，但在印度组装，价格达到6万卢比

根据经济规律，印度拥有如此低廉的劳动力成本，产品的成本必须至少降低20%

Solution?

We need to start making more intermediate products in India and shoring up the supply chain within India

A Big part of this includes SEMICONDUCTOR CHIPS

If we can make our own low grade chips at competitive cost, we can increase our profitability and our manufacturers can get their supplies at a lower cost (No import tariff) and higher profit

解决方案是什么？

我们必须在印度生产更多的中间产品，并加强印度国内的供应链建设

其中很大一部分包括半导体芯片

如果我们能以有竞争力的成本生产自己的低端芯片，就可以提升我们的盈利能力，我们的制造商可以享受到更低的成本(不需要进口关税)和更高的利润

Plus we can also hopefully export these low grade chips and form an alternative to China which now holds a monopoly on manufacturing of any chip of more than 100 nm

Without this step, our manufacturing will falter

Like I said, our manufacturers are manufacturing more and more to manage some profit but ultimately there will be a surplus of supply

此外，我们还有希望出口这些低端芯片，形成中国的替代品，目前中国垄断了100纳米以上芯片的制造

不经历这一步，我们的制造业就无法大步向前

就像我说的，我们的制造商正在制造越来越多的产品来管理一些利润，但最终会出现供应过剩

Will it work?

I don't think so

能有用吗？

我不这么想。

Reason No 1:

I am of the opinion that for us to successfully manage to produce a supply chain of intermediate products including Chips for our manufacturing

WE NEED CHINA

China has the entire set up ready and China is at a stage where it is moving into high grade manufacture and it's chip workforce is slowly becoming TOO GOOD to make low grade chips

China can bring in investment, skills, machinery all at lowest cost and help us with low cost production

Also China has the best machines in the world for Low Grade Chips. After all it has been making low grade chips profitably for years now.

原因1：

我认为，对于印度来说，要想成功地打造中间产品的供应链，包括我们自己生产的芯片

我们需要中国

中国拥有所有的设备，中国已经开始向高端制造转移，中国的芯片劳动力对低端芯片而言已经过剩了

中国可以以最低成本引进投资、技术和机器，帮助我们进行低成本生产

此外，中国拥有全球最好的低端芯片的生产设备。多年来，中国一直在生产低端芯片，获利颇丰。

Reason No 2:-

We lack the two most crucial items needed

Water

Power

Fabrication of chips, especially low grade chips need an astronomical scale to be profitable This means a huge volume of water

原因二：

我们缺少两个最关键的必需品

水力

电力

芯片制造，特别是低端芯片的制造需要达到庞大的规模才能开始盈利

这意味着需要大量的水

If we fabricate 25% of the Chips that China makes today - we will need an astronomical amount of water

No single state has that amount of water

Not unless you can somehow interlink the rivers in India and build 70–100 canals

If we use up groundwater, then very soon our farmers will find themselves even more dependent on rain than the other way round

如果我们要制造中国如今芯片产量的25%，我们需要消耗大量的水资源

印度没有哪个邦拥有这么多的水源

除非你能把印度的所有河流都连接起来，修建70-100条运河

如果我们耗尽地下水，那么印度农民很快就会发现他们将更加依赖雨水了

Then comes Power

Power is EXPENSIVE in India

Especially if you keep handing over more power facilities to Adani and private players

China is state controlled plus they have a vast choice of power from many sources

Fabrication requires massive input of power and continuous power

再来是电力

印度的电费很高

尤其是如果印度继续把更多的电力设施交给阿达尼和私人企业来运营

中国的电力资源是国家控制的，而且他们有很多资源可供选择

制造业需要大量的电力和持续的电力供应

Reason 3:-

We lack a workforce

Fabrication needs not just engineers

It needs nearly 500,000 to 1,000,000 (5–10 Lakh) Intermediate workers who are skilled in the machine work and production process

Plus we have very few quality engineers in Semiconductor Engineering and much fewer at the Masters Level

These are the massive challenges ahead

原因3：

印度缺乏劳动力

制造业不仅仅需要工程师

它还需要近50万至100万熟练掌握机器操作和生产流程的中级工人

此外，印度半导体工程方面的高级工程师很少，硕士水平的工程师就更少了

这些都是我们面临的巨大挑战

Every player who wants to invest into India in the area of semiconductor manufacturing demands a guarantee on free power and water

Yet if a State Government changes, then the power could face disruptions

Likewise 1000 Liters Ground water, once gone would take 15 1/2 years to be replenished as per scientists

每个有意在印度半导体制造领域投资的企业都要求印度保证免费供电和供水

但如果邦政府换届了，那么电力供应可能会面临中断

同样，根据科学家的说法，1000升地下水耗尽后需要15年半的时间才能恢复

Why isn't GOI bringing in low grade manufacturing?

Too expensive

We have too many people and space is confined

Our Agricultural yield is poor and we need far more land than China does for its Agriculture because it's yield is much higher than ours

为什么印度政府不引进低档制造业？

因为成本太高了

我们印度人口太多，土地又有限

我们的农业产量很低，所以需要比中国更多的农田，因为中国的农业产量比我们高得多

So if we use 1000 Acres for Low Grade Manufacturing

With our Power prices and water prices and land value - WE WOULDNT BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE MUCH PROFITABILITY

Importing from Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam would be cheaper

It would be better to use the same land for converting into plots and selling flats or villas

And that's exactly what is being done

所以如果我们用1000英亩的土地来生产低档产品

按照我们的电价、水价和土地价值，我们不太可能获得高额利润

从菲律宾、印尼和越南进口反而会更便宜

最好是把土地改造成地块，出售公寓或别墅

而这正是我们现在正在做的事

Amogh Varsha

Why is manufacturing sector in India not doing good?

为什么印度制造业表现不好？

There are several factors because of which India's manufacturing sector is not doing good. The major ones are:

有几个因素导致印度制造业表现不佳。主要有：

1. India, barring a few states, is a power deficient country, there are no proper Power, logistics and transport facilities readily available.

2. We are surplus in labour but rarely the labour is skilled, this can be accounted mainly due to focus on academics and lack of practical knowledge. Managing and upgrading skills is poor and need major overhauling.

1. 除了少数几个邦，印度是一个电力不足的国家，没有良好的电力供应、物流和运输设施。

2. 我们虽然有多余劳动力，但熟练劳动力不足，这主要是因为印度人重视学业，缺乏实践知识。管理和提升技能很差，需要进行重大改革。

3. India has stringent labour laws.

4. Lack of transparency on processes and clearances.

5. Lack of investment in R&D and strategic planning. Most of goods finished products have to be imported. Arms, cosmetics, etc.

6. Political interests, land disputes etc.

3. 印度有严格的劳动法。

4. 程序和许可缺乏透明度。

5. 研发投入和战略规划不足。大多数制成品都需要进口，比如武器、化妆品等。

6. 政治利益、土地纠纷等。

7. Innumerable Taxes and laws for setting up projects.

8. Finally the monster corruption and scams that fends off global investors.

9. Lack of incentives to small scale industries - to upgrade. If most case if a small scale industry upgraded to medium one, then probably it will lose all their benefits from the government. That discourage the small scale industries to upgrade.

10. Obsolete machines and technology - lessen the competitive.

7. 投资项目需要应对无数的税金和法律。

8. 最后是让全球投资者望而却步的腐败和骗局。

9. 缺乏激励措施，无法促进小型工厂升级。在大多数情况下，如果一个小型工厂升级为中型工厂，那么它可能会失去从政府那里获得的所有好处。这阻碍了小型工厂的升级。

10. 陈旧的机器和技术—降低了竞争力。

Need:

- Creating good infrastructure.

- Strong government policies.

- Investment in RD.

- Supporting medium scale industries.

- Providing tax incentives other sops etc..,

印度需要：

建设良好的基础设施。

强有力的政府政策。

研发投资。

扶持中等规模工厂。

提供税收优惠和其他优惠等。

Nan Singh

Why can India not start semiconductor manufacturing and chips manufacturing companies?

INDIA has semiconductor manufacturing campany known as BEL (Bharat Electronics Limited).

Now about your question, So if we keep apart thousand of corers of investments and supply of pure 99.99% of rare earth metals and many other things, the basic need is uninterupted and clean power supply, and in a country where a entire grid can fail then settingup a industry depending on power supply is just a dream.

为什么印度不能成立半导体制造和芯片制造公司？

印度拥有半导体制造公司BEL(巴拉特电子有限公司)。

现在，针对你的问题，如果我们拥有数百亿投资、99.99%的纯稀土金属和许多其他东西的供应，但基本需求是不间断的清洁电力供应，那么在一个整个电网都可能失灵的国家，打造一个依赖电力供应的产业只能是痴心妄想。

System Tech

Why is India not able to start its own semiconductor manufacturing despite several efforts from the government, Foxconn, Vedanta, and Tata as well?

I think it's Chinese forces that are playing behind this, or else there is no reason for India to hold back. The way China funding international organization which are pulling the strings for the same. But world should understand that India is the only unbiased country who can help the world with semiconductor production with much lower cost than China. And major power in world should support India for the same.

虽然政府、富士康、韦丹塔和塔塔进行了数次努力，为什么印度还是没办法启动自己的半导体制造业？

我认为是中国势力在幕后操纵了局势，否则印度没有理由退缩。中国资助国际组织，在幕后进行操纵。但世界各国应该明白，印度是唯一能够以比中国低得多的成本帮助他们生产半导体的国家。世界主要大国也应该支持印度。