Why China was and is successful at manufacturing?

为什么中国过去和现在都在制造业领域取得了成功？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Herbert Lee DTM

Chinese are good learners.

When i first moved to Macau (southern tip of China) in 1983, Chinese products were laughable.

Only a few exceptions. Bicycles were made like tanks. indestructible. And light bulbs. They made a complete vacuum and bulbs could last 5–6 years. Later they learned about planned obsolescence and left some air in.

中国人是很出色的学习者。

我1983年第一次搬到澳门(中国的最南端)时，中国产品的模样十分滑稽可笑。

只有少数商品例外。自行车被制造得像坦克一样，坚不可摧。还有灯泡，他们制造出完全真空的灯泡，可以使用5-6年。后来，他们接触到了“计划报废”的概念，也开始在灯泡里留一点空气了。

When Deng introduced market reforms, everything changed.

One example is a company called Haier. A German Chinese joint venture for refrigerators and washing.machines. It wasn't doing well, so the mayor of the city (Qingdao) was asked to take over.

He realized the quality was worse than bad. Using public humiliation, he took all the washing machines and lined them up in a public stadium..Then with sledge hammers, he and the staff smashed the defective machines and vowed to make the best washing machines without any defects.

当伟人邓公推行市场改革时，一切都开始改变了。

海尔就是一个例子。海尔是一家中德合资企业，生产冰箱和洗衣机。企业的经营情况不太理想，所以中国要求青岛市市长接手这家企业。

他意识到海尔的产品质量实在太差了。他搬走了所有的洗衣机，把这些洗衣机在一个公共体育场里排成一排。然后，他和工作人员用大锤砸碎了有缺陷的洗衣机，并发誓一定要造出没有任何缺陷的全世界最好的洗衣机。

They ordered some washing machine “kits” from Germany. When the kits were assembled, 8 nuts and bolts were left. He had the staff stay overnight to find where the missing bolts should go..A lesson in quality control.

He later got training in the US. He became friends with Jack Welch and learned Six Sigma. Sent staff to GE for training.

His washing machines became well accepted for quality. And his servicing was exceptional.

他们从德国订购了一些洗衣机“套件”。完成组装后，还剩下8个螺母和螺栓。他让员工熬夜检查，找出多余的螺栓应该装在哪里。这是质量控制方面的一个教训。

他后来有去美国接受了培训。他和杰克·韦尔奇成为了朋友，并学会了六西格玛。他还派出员工到通用电气进行培训。

他的洗衣机因为质量上乘而受到公认好评，而且售后维修的服务也非常出色。

I did training for GE Medical and got a tour of the Haier facilities. This was in 2005. The warehouse was robotic! All domestic orders shipped in 24 hours. International orders in 72.

Ten years ago, i was in a department store. They were demonstrating Haier washing machines. They invented a new generation with quiet technology. A sound meter showed almost zero noise. A full wine glass showed no vibration. Incredible for a company whose products were garbage years before.

GE appliances was later sold to Haier. It was lising money. The student became the teacher.

The Haier story is a case study at Harvard.

This is just one example, so I'm sure there are thousands like it.

我参加了通用医疗的培训，参观了海尔的工厂。这是2005年的事了。仓库里已经实现了机器人操作！所有国内订单都能在24小时内发货，国际订单能在72小时内发货。

十年前，我逛过一家百货公司。工作人员正在展示海尔洗衣机。他们发明了新一代静音技术。测声仪显示机器运转的噪音几乎为零。装满水的酒杯也没有出现晃动。对于一家在短短几年前，产品质量还一文不值的企业而言，这种进步是非常不可思议的。

通用电器后来被海尔收购了。徒弟熬成了师傅。

海尔的事例是哈佛大学的一个研究案例。

这只是一个例子，我相信中国还有成千上万个类似的例子。

Zimu Li

Because the Chinese people have an extremely strong desire to improve the living standards of themselves and their families, and their yearning for a better life. It makes the vast majority of Chinese work hard.

因为中国人民对提高自身和家庭生活水平有着极其强烈的愿望，对美好生活有着极其强烈的向往。这种强烈的情感促使绝大多数中国人非常努力地工作。

In addition to the long-term and stable chinese (they do not need to shout charming and unrealistic slogans to the people every four or five years to win the election), any official of the government is selected by the most basic citizens through their performance in order to become a higher-level official, they can provide a long-term and feasible plan for building China, and have a strong executive power.

According to years of independent surveys conducted by Harvard University, the chinese has an approval rating of more than 90% all the year round.

除了长期稳定的中国，他们不需要每隔四五年就向民众高呼诱人的不切实际的口号来赢得换届选举，中国的官员都是由最基层的公民根据表现优劣选出来的，想要晋升为更高一级的官员，他们可以为中国的建设提供长期可行的计划，并具有强有力的执行力。

根据哈佛大学多年的独立调查，中国的支持率常年保持在90%以上。

Clifford Nelson

When China had its reforms that lead to the current growth, Priority was in making it as friendly for manufacturing as possible. Corruption would affect operation of industry was quashed. Also investment was made in the Transporation sector so that resources could efficiently get to factories, and goods could efficiently be transported to the consumers. Both these are things that India has not done.

There were some other things that were done to make it easier for manufacturing in China such as construction of dormitories for the workers so as to make access to a workforce easier. People could go home to their families on the weekends. And, of course, having good transportation made it easy for the workers to get to the work sites.

当中国进行改革，实现了如今的增长时，第一要务就是尽可能满足制造业的需求。腐败会影响工业生产的运转，所以受到了打击。中国还对交通运输业进行了投资，让各种资源能够高效地运往工厂，货物能够高效地运输到消费者手中。这两件事是印度没能做到的。

为了提高中国制造业的生产便利度，中国还做了其他一些事情，比如为工人建造宿舍，吸引劳动力。人们可以在周末回家与家人团聚。当然，良好的交通也使工人们很容易到达工作地点。

The other thing that China did was copy from Japan (Taiwan and South Korean success derives also from Japan) the emphasis on manufacturing engineering, processes, and management. In fact, it was the US that Japan learned from since they understood one of their big failures going into World War II was that it did not have the manufacturing technology and processes for efficient manufacturing. In the 1970’s the manufacturing innovations were coming from Japan, which allow Japan to be so successful. The US was no longer the country where there was the greatest innovation in manufacturing as it had been. The US seems to have moved away from emphasis on manufacturing to being able to build the highest technology products, but if these products cannot be built for a low enough price, the products that are almost as good but are manufactured with the most efficient process, resulting in a significantly less costly product are the ones that are going to sell. The countries of the far east learned from the United States who forgot what had made the United States so successful.

中国做的另一件事就是学习日本（台湾地区和韩国的成功也源自日本），重视制造工程、流程和管理。

事实上，日本是向美国学习的，因为日本知道他们在二战中的一个重大失败就是日本没有高效的制造技术和流程。

在20世纪70年代，日本开始引入制造业创新，这让日本取得了空前的成功。

美国不再是制造业最伟大的创新国家了。美国似乎已经从重视制造能力转变成能够制造出最高科技水平的产品，

但如果这些产品的制造成本不够低，那么制造工艺更为高效、但品质差不多的产品，生产成本就会低很多，就会成为市场上卖得更好的商品。

远东国家向美国学习，而美国却忘记了是什么让自己大获成功。

Tripp Gogoi

I am assuming that you are comparing China to the west.

The easiest reason is that the West is generally post-industrial meaning the services sector is their largest sector. That being said, It's wrong to think that the US is not “good” at manufacturing. While a lot of consumer goods are made in China, the US is still a major manufacturer of goods (Planes, Trucks, cars, Wind Mills, Industrial and Construction Equipment, Weapons) etc. It’s just in a different place in the value chain.

我猜你是在拿中国和西方作比较。

最简单的原因是西方普遍已经进入后工业时代，这意味着服务业成了他们国家最大的产业。话虽如此，但认为美国不擅长制造业的观点显然是错误的。虽然很多消费品都是中国制造，但美国仍然是某些商品的主要生产国(比如飞机、卡车、汽车、风车、工业和建筑设备、武器)。美国只是在价值链中处于一个和中国不同的位置而已。

Thus China manufactures more because that's what their economy needs to grow. Most developed countries no longer depend on Manufacturing to grow their economies and instead depend on Services Sector. But make no mistake, the US, Japan, Germany, etc are manufacturing powerhouses, they just don’t make TV’s and iPhones.

中国制造的商品更多，因为这是中国经济增长所需要的。大多数发达国家不再依赖制造业来发展经济，转而依赖服务业。但毫无疑问，美国、日本、德国等依然是制造业大国，他们只是不再生产电视和iphone罢了。

Khawar Saeed

Because China has never lost its focus. It has always stuck to its geoeconomic policies in the earnest of ways.

因为中国从未忘记自己的重心，中国一直用非常认真的方式坚持地缘经济政策。

Michael Sue

Because China has a well-planned and un-matchable supply chain infrastructure to support all categories of products being manufactured in volume in China and satellite countries. Its logistics infrastructure is also highly efficient for getting goods-to-market in shortest possible times. Chinese companies research and invest to match every challenge. Its work force are abundant, willing , and easy to train.

因为中国拥有经过精心规划的、无与伦比的供应链基础设施系统，可以支持中国和卫星国家大批量生产所有类别的商品。中国的物流设施可以在尽可能短的时间内将商品输送到市场，非常高效。中国企业通过研究和投资来应对每一个挑战。中国的劳动力十分丰富，积极肯干，而且培训起来也很容易。

iao Wen

In a broad sense, it is true that Chinese people are very good at organizing large-scale production activities.

In classical centralized agricultural country, china should have the largest scale and the longest duration. If the same production and culture are upgraded through the industrial revolution, it can naturally become the most powerful industrial country.

从广义上讲，中国人的确非常善于组织大规模的生产活动。

在古典的集中式农业国家中，中国应该是规模最大、持续时间最长的国家。在同样的生产和文化基础上，经过工业革命升级，自然也就可以成为最强大的工业国了。

Jennifer Grant

Hi, this is a great question. Firstly, China is highly skilled in manufacturing, with some if not the best and most advanced technology out there. It also has a workforce is second to none, therefore it is highly successful.

这是一个很好的问题。首先，中国在制造业方面的技术水平很高，拥有一些最优秀、最先进的技术。中国还拥有一支首屈一指的劳动力队伍，因此中国取得了极大的成功。

Mike Sun

I am Chinese. I think this question is a little inaccurate because China is not ahead of every country in terms of manufacturing.

China is like a powerhouse but a lot of technics are learned from some developed country like German and Japan.

Maybe because people here are well educated and every equipment are nearly new. I would like to agree if you say China is ahead of every country in terms of manufacturing efficiency.

Anyway, we need more learning and getting innovation in manufacturing technics.

我是中国人。我认为这个问题有点不准确，因为中国在制造业方面并没有领先于所有国家。

中国是一个强国，但有很多技术都是从德国和日本等发达国家学来的。

也许是因为中国人受过良好的教育，每一种设备都几乎是新的。如果你说中国在制造业效率方面领先于其他国家，那么我绝对同意你的说法。

但不管怎么说，我们在制造技术上还需要进行更多的学习和创新。

Dave Zeng

China have big volumn of good education workers , technicians . And China have good infrastructure comparing to other develo country.

中国拥有大量受过教育的优秀工人和技术人员。和其他发展中国家相比，中国还拥有极佳的基础设施。

Gwydion Madawc Williams

It alwasy has been good at it. It just had to adjust to modern methods. Attempts to do this by simple copying of the West failed.

中国一直表现得十分出色。只是有一点，中国必须适应现代的方法。简单照搬西方的做法，只能注定失败。

Paul Harrison

Clever dextrous hard working people and with Hongkong a gateway to the world

聪明、灵活、勤奋的劳动者，再加上香港这个通往世界的门户。

Michael Chan

Originally Answered: What is the secret behind the manufacturing success of China?

It is not the low wages. Other nations have wages even lower than the Chinese.

It is not the government regulations. Other nations have easier government regulations (or stricter, depending on what you want to do) than China.

It is not the logistics. Other nations have better logistics chains than China.

中国制造业成功的秘诀是什么？

不是因为工资低。其他国家的工资甚至比中国还低。

不是因为政府法规。其他国家的政府监管比中国更宽松(或更加严格，这取决于你想做什么)。

不是因为物流问题。其他国家拥有比中国更好的物流链。

It is a combination of all three put together in one nation that created the manufacturing powerhouse. The good enough regulations that ease the setting up of factories, the logistics chain that works and the relatively low enough wages of the Chinese meant a very attractive place for manufacturing.

是因为上述三者在一个国家得到了很好的结合，打造出了这么一个制造业强国。中国有足够好的法律法规来便利工厂、高效物流链的设立，相对较低的工资水平让中国成了一个对制造业而言非常有吸引力的宝地。