How China Pulled So Far Ahead on Industrial Policy

中国是如何在产业政策上遥遥领先的

LONDON — For more than half a century, concerns about oil shortages or a damaged climate have spurred governments to invest in alternative energy sources.

伦敦—半个多世纪以来，对石油短缺或气候破坏的担忧促使各国政府投资替代能源。

In the 1970s, President Jimmy Carter placed solar panels on the roof of the White House as a symbol of his commitment to develo energy from the sun. In the 1990s, Japan offered homeowners groundbreaking subsidies to install photovoltaic panels. And in the 2000s, Germany developed an innovative program that guaranteed consumers who adopted a solar energy system that they would sell their electricity at a profit.

在20世纪70年代，吉米·卡特总统在白宫的屋顶上安装了太阳能电池板，作为他致力于开发太阳能的象征。上世纪90年代，日本为安装光伏板的房主提供了史无前例的补贴。在2000年代，德国发布了一个创新项目，向使用太阳能发电设备的消费者保证，他们可以通过出售电力获利。

But no country has come close to matching the scale and tenacity of China’s support. The proof is in the production: In 2022, Beiing accounted for 85% of all clean-energy manufacturing investment in the world, according to the International Energy Agency.

但没有哪个国家的支持力度能与中国相比。根据国际能源署的数据，2022年，中国对清洁能源制造业的投资已占全球规模的85%。

Now the United States, Europe and other wealthy nations are trying frantically to catch up. Ho to correct past missteps on industrial policy and learn from China’s successes, they are spending huge amounts on subsidizing homegrown companies while also seeking to block competing Chinese products.

现在，美国、欧洲和其他富裕国家正在疯狂地追赶中国。他们希望纠正自己国家过去在产业政策上的失误，并从中国的成功中吸取教训。他们花费巨额资金补贴本土企业，希望阻止中国的竞品。

以下是雅虎网友的评论：

Hao

An industrial policy is more than just subsidizing local companies while limiting foreign ones. The U.S. has tried its own industrial policy on solar products from Obama era. The effectiveness (or the lack of) of the U.S. industrial policy can be seen with the big three car makers in the late 80s early 90s, and Intel today.

产业政策不是简单地补贴本地公司，限制外国公司就完事了。从奥巴马时代开始，美国就开始尝试自己的太阳能产业政策。美国产业政策的实力可以从80年代末90年代初的三大汽车制造商以及今天的英特尔身上窥见一斑。

James

Exactly. "Sustainable" growth. The United States sat on its hands assuming that "American" ingenuity would be enough to maintain a leading edge all the while gutting domestic manufacturing, gutting local investments, gutting local education. What did companies do? They started outsourcing manufacturing overseas all in the name of profits.

完全正确。“可持续”发展。美国以为“美国”的独创性足以保持领先优势，他们削弱国内制造业，削弱当地投资，削弱当地教育。各大企业做了什么？他们为了追求利润，开始将生产外包到海外。

Sick and Tired

I agree, we need to move more good paying jobs back here, but that won't be easy, we have outsourced the technology as well as the jobs and it will be very hard to get an American consumer to pay 40 dollars for something made here when they can buy it "made in China" for 10 to 15 dollars.

我同意，我们必须把更多高薪工作迁回美国，但这并非易事，我们已经把技术和工作都外包出去了，当美国消费者可以花10到15美元买到“中国制造”的商品时，就很难接受花40美元购买美国制造。

James

Yep and we're caught in that catch-22 because American's can't afford to buy Made in USA unless they have the jobs and wages to buy American but they have to stretch every single dollar they have to the limit, they have no choice but to buy "Made in China" just to survive

是的，我们陷入了两难境地，因为美国人买不起美国制造的商品，除非他们有工作、有工资可以购买美国制造的商品，但他们必须把每一分钱都花到极限，他们别无选择，只能为了生存而购买“中国制造”的商品。

YouDoYouBoo

Exactly. Let’s hope Biden get reelected to continue this important work.

完全正确。让我们祈祷拜登再次当选，继续推动这项重要的工作。

FrankM

Another problem is that succeeding administrations work diligently to demolish everything the previous administration achieved or attempted to do,  The result is that projects and programs that might have accomplished tangible benefits for the US disappear into political dumpsters.

另一个问题是，下一任政府会努力推番前一届政府的成就或努力，结果就是，那些有可能为美国带来切实利益的项目和计划就被弃之如敝履了。

James

Our two party system is hurting us and our politicians are using it to win elections.

我们的两党制正在损害我们的利益，我们的政客利用这一点来赢得选举。

Name

We have the best college system in the world, hence why the Chinese send their students here to learn. “Enough consumers who are wiling to go and test new innovations” ironically we are the biggest market in the world too. China is dying and looking to dump poor quality products on Europe and America to stimulate their economy.

我们有全世界最好的大学，所以中国人把学生送到这里来学习。”足够多的消费者愿意尝试新的创新”，讽刺的是，我们也是全世界最大的市场。而他们正在垂死挣扎，希望通过向欧洲和美国倾销劣质产品来刺激经济。

David

Why America is so scared of a dying China and its junk so much?

为什么美国这么害怕垂死的中国经济？

Name

Well because countries facing an economic crisis are likely to steal resources in war.

因为面临经济危机的国家很可能会在战争中窃取资源。

Dave

Absolutely. How is the US reacting? Indiana is going to a 4 day school week. Meanwhile China will graduate more PhDs than we have college students.

没错。美国对此有何反应？印第安纳州每周只上4天课。但中国毕业的博士人数即将超过我们的大学生人数。

Heiniehole

Within 20 years, China will be our Government. That is if Liberals keep wng the White House.

不出20年，中国就会接管我们的政府。前提是自由党继续入主白宫。

GaryA

yet, as the article points out, it is the liberals that have addressed this problem and the conservative, market devotes, that have stymied progress.

正如这篇文章指出的那样，自由党解决了这个问题，保守党和市场人士阻碍了发展。

Name

China is dying and relies American and European markets for exports. They are facing an even worse demographic collapse than us

他们经济快不行了，只能依赖美国和欧洲市场。他们面临着比我们更严重的人口问题

Charles

In less time than that, Putin will be our president if Republicans have their way.

如果共和党胜出，用不着20年，普京就会成为我们的总统。

Thomas

You really don't have a clue about the real world.

你对现实世界一点都不了解。

Insight

Liberals more worried about how many future voters will come thru illegally

自由党更担心未来会有多少选民通过非法途径投票。

GaryA

Your name alone tells us that you are not worth any effort.

光看你的名字，我们就知道你不值得我们再费口舌。

Professor

The problem here is the lobby industry is so strong. The wealthy control politicians.

美国的问题是游说行业太过强大了。富人阶级控制着政客。

Frank

Totally agree 100%. Tons of greedy businessman and politicians. Look at China they have an efficient trains while the US is left behind because of the lobbyists. It's just a matter of time and China will surpass US economically.

完全同意。贪婪的商人和政客实在太多了。看看中国，他们有高效运行的动车，而美国因为游说者被远远甩在后面了。现在只是时间问题了，中国一定会在经济上超过美国。

jammer

The middle class and poor could vote the politicians UT of office but they have been brainwashed.

中产阶级和穷人是可以投票让政客下台，但他们已经被政客们洗脑了。

November

It's an overall scenario in the West!

这就是西方世界的普遍情况！

ronnie

Nope it was business selling out western countries for profit. The fact of the matter it’s business that are the culprit for most things wrong in western countries. Wanting cheap labor, no investment into better technology.

不，是企业为了利润出卖西方国家。事实是，在西方国家，企业是大多数错误的罪魁祸首。他们想要廉价的劳动力，不舍得投资更好的技术。

Babe

Labor cost is competitively low, while the size of labor force is comparatively large.

劳动力成本较低，劳动力规模较大。

Randall

In the 90's most companies aided China by sending out products there to be manufactured . The US essentially funded the growth to utilize cheap labor and break the unions.

在90年代，大多数公司将产品送到中国进行加工，帮助了中国。美国为中国的增长提供了资金，利用了廉价劳动力，也破坏了工会。

David

The West went to China for money not for charity.  It's called the capitalism, free market and market economy. 

西方去中国是为了赚钱而非为了慈善。那可是资 本主义，自由市场和市场经济啊。

Marco

Their business model doesn't include top heavy executives and overly coddled workers.

他们的商业模式里没有臃肿的高管群体和过分骄蛮的员工。

Cornelius

While the members of congress were being partisan or looking out for their individual interest, China was moving unified in one direction.

国会议员们还在为党派之争或谋求个人利益而内斗时，中国正朝着一个方向统一前进。

I.M.Abot

It's easy to be an industrial giant when you're not trying to police the entire world's problems.

只要你不想继续充当世界警察，很快就能成长为工业巨头了。

Alpha

Also Chinas middle class has grown by leaps and bounds 50% of Beiing is middle class while the us middle class has shrank but the wealthy have gotten wealthier for sure!

此外，中国的中产阶级实现了突飞猛进地增长，北京有50%的人是中产阶级，与此同时美国的中产阶级规模缩小了，但富人确实也变得更加富有了！

H Q

USA has been asleep. This started in the 80’s. Back when we were proud of “made in the USA” and didn’t let politicians sell us out.

美国从80年代起一直在沉睡。当时我们还以“美国制造”为荣，不会让政客出卖我们。