It is early evening and Sally’s* beauty parlour in Rawalpindi is teeming with women undergoing their weekly or monthly beauty regimen.
现在是傍晚时分，在拉瓦尔品第的萨利美容院，有大批女性每周一次或每月一次来这里进行美容养生。
Switching between Hakka and Urdu, with occasional interjections in Pothwari, the owner of the salon refers to herself as 'local Chinese' or Pakistani-Chinese.
客家语和乌尔都语之间自由切换，偶尔也夹杂一些波斯瓦里语，美容院老板称自己是“当地华人”或巴基斯坦华人。
These terms point to the profound ambivalence of Chinese ethnic identity shaped by the political, economic and historical contexts of South Asia.
这些称谓表明，在南亚的政治、经济和历史背景下，中国人的民族认同存在着深刻的矛盾心理。
Being Chinese is understood on multiple levels in Pakistan. Since the advent of projects introduced by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in 2013, the visibility of the Chinese in public spaces has not gone unnoticed in the main cities of the country.
在巴基斯坦，中国人在很多层面上都得到理解。自从中巴经济走廊项目于2013年推出以来，该国居民也开始注意到中国人在各大主要城市公开场合的存在感。
Migrants, engineers and entrepreneurs arriving from diverse provinces in China are often thought of as a monolithic group related to CPEC and have come to dominate – numerically as well as in perception – other endogamous ethnic Chinese communities already present in Pakistan.
来自中国不同省份的移民、工程师和企业家通常被认为是与中巴经济走廊相关的一个整体群体，他们在数量和观念上都已在巴基斯坦占主导地位。巴基斯坦已经出现了华人社区。
As a Taiwanese anthropologist who has spent a significant portion of her life outside of the Sinosphere, I am interested in comparative cultural issues related to migration and identity, particularly that of the most extensive and complex one of our modern world: the Chinese diaspora.
作为一名在汉文化圈之外生活了相当大一部分时间的台湾人类学家，我感兴趣的是与移民和身份相关的比较文化问题，尤其是我们现代世界中最广泛、最复杂的：中国移民。
Thus began a research project that took me across various cities in Pakistan, where a declining minority of ethnic Chinese families shared with me their lives and experiences that were intimately linked to the development of modern Pakistan.
就这样，我开始了一个研究项目，在巴基斯坦的各个城市里，一个不断减少的中国少数族群家庭与我分享了他们与现代巴基斯坦发展密切相关的生活和经历。
It is not popularly known that some of the earliest Chinese in South Asia emigrated to Kolkata (then Calcutta) during the British era; in fact, as early as the 18th century.
众所周知，最早出现在南亚的中国人是在英国时代移民到加尔各答的;事实上，他们早在18世纪就到这里了。
While successive waves of migration from the provinces of Guangdong, Hubei and Shandong have been traced by contemporary historians, the subsequent trajectories of these migrants in Pakistani territories are rarely examined.
虽然当代历史学家对广东、湖北和山东等省份的移民潮进行了追踪，但对这些巴基斯坦领土上的移民后来的生活轨迹却鲜有研究。
In the wake of the partitioning of India in 1947, the India-China War in 1962 and later the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, ethnic Chinese families found themselves dispersed in different parts of South Asia, gaining recognition and contributing to the economies of each of their localities through restaurants, dentist clinics and beauty parlours.
随着1947年印度分区,1962年中印战争以及后来1971年孟加拉国的独立,华人家庭发现他们分散在南亚的不同地区，通过开餐馆，开牙医诊所和美容院获得了当地人的承认，也为当地的经济做出了贡献。
Moving with Pakistan
跟着巴基斯坦迁徙
The events that unfolded after Partition were a constant home-making project for the ethnic Chinese of Pakistan. While doing field research, I befriend a small Pakistani-Chinese family that has grown up in Rawalpindi and specialises in manufacturing and selling leather shoes.
分治后摆在巴基斯坦华裔面前的问题是不断地建造家园。在做实地调查时，我与一个在拉瓦尔品第长大、专门从事皮鞋生产和销售的巴基斯坦华人小家庭成为了朋友。
Much like the majority of Chinese migrant communities in India and Pakistan, they are Hakka – also known as Kejia in Mandarin Chinese – a distinct ethnic and linguistic group dispersed throughout southeastern China, and through their diasporas to Southeast Asia, South Asia and other parts of the world.
与印度和巴基斯坦的大多数华人移民社区一样，他们是客家人——普通话中又称客家人——分布在中国东南部，通过他们的祖先在东南亚、南亚和世界其他地区散居。
Considered to be members of the majority Han Chinese rather than members of an ethnic minority, they speak a Hakka dialect rather than Mandarin Chinese, the lingua franca of the Sinosphere.
他们被认为是汉族人，而不是少数族群，他们说的是客家方言，而不是普通话。
For many other Chinese born in India-Pakistan, 'home' has several meanings within this family. Jason’s grandfather, for example, lived in Kolkata in the 1940s, moving to Lahore at the time of Partition.
对于许多在印度-巴基斯坦出生的中国人来说，“家”在这个家庭中有多种含义。例如，贾森的祖父上世纪40年代住在加尔各答，在分治时搬到了拉合尔。
After opening his first shoe store in Rawalpindi, the indomitable Indian-Chinese entrepreneur proceeded to opening another shop in Murree in 1949. More shops soon branched out through the growing family.
在拉瓦尔品第开了第一家鞋店后，这位不屈不挠的印中企业家于1949年在默里又开了一家鞋店。很快这个不断壮大的家庭开设了越来越多的商店。
His grandson, whom I’ll call Jason, is part of a generation of young Pakistani-Chinese with a heterogeneous sense of belonging and distant ties to the Indian-Chinese in Kolkata.
他的孙子，我叫他杰森，是年轻的巴基斯坦华人中的一员，有着多重归属感，与加尔各答的印度华人有着遥远的联系。
Their family members are geographically mobile, sometimes to the extent of traversing across Indo-Pakistani borders in pursuit of marriage with Indian-Chinese, or joining the second and third generation of Pakistani-Chinese in Canada.
他们的家庭成员的居所是流动的，有时甚至跨越印巴边界，与印度华人或加拿大的第二代和第三代巴基斯坦华人结婚。
In Karachi, a dentist of Hubeinese descent narrates leaving his birthplace of Kolkata shortly after the India-China War in 1963. “Like many others [Chinese] who came after, we moved from India out of fear”, he says.
在卡拉奇，一位胡拜尼人后裔的牙医讲述了他在1963年印中战争后不久离开加尔各答出生地的故事。他表示：“与许多紧随其后的中国人一样，我们出于恐惧从印度搬了出来。”
It was a time when persecutions of ethnic Chinese by the Indian state were authorised and many were deported or sent to internment camps.
当时，印度政府批准了对华裔的迫害，许多人被驱逐出境，或被关进拘留营。
After graduating in dentistry from Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, he opened his own dental practice in Saddar, where his clinic stands alongside other formerly Chinese-owned clinics.
从利亚奎特医学院牙科专业毕业后，他在萨达尔开设了自己的牙科诊所，他的诊所与其他以前由中国人开办的诊所并列。
Several other of my interlocutors were born in East Pakistan to families that commonly ran tanneries and restaurants in both Dhaka (then Dacca) and Chittagong.
我的另外几个对话者出生在巴基斯坦东部，他们的家庭通常在达卡和吉大港经营制革厂和餐馆。
Many were witness to the armed conflict in the former Pakistani province. Stories of brutal repression are recounted solemnly to me by those seemingly at the fringes of South Asian history.
许多人目睹了前巴基斯坦省的武装冲突。那些似乎处于南亚历史边缘的人庄严地向我讲述了残酷镇压的故事。
One individual born in Dhaka recalls the bombing of his restaurant by 'freedom fighters' and the fleeing of family members and friends en masse from East to West Pakistan.
一位出生在达卡的人回忆说，他的餐馆遭到“自由战士”的轰炸，家人和朋友从东巴基斯坦逃往西巴基斯坦。
The major events that led to the contemporary formation of Pakistan as lived by Pakistani-Chinese involve leaving their home and losing their businesses, properties and communities, to begin their lives anew in West Pakistan.
导致巴基斯坦人与中国人共处的当代巴基斯坦形成的主要事件包括离开他们的家园，失去他们的商业、财产和社区，在西巴基斯坦重新开始他们的生活。
A Pakistani-Chinese born in Abbottabad, however, has a more optimistic take on the conflict. “It took us [Pakistan] to lose East Pakistan for me to find my wife”, he says to me.
然而，在阿伯塔巴德出生的巴基斯坦华裔对这场冲突持更为乐观的态度。他对我说:“我们(巴基斯坦)失去了东巴基斯坦，我才找到了我的妻子。”
As a result of the mass migration of Chinese from East Pakistan, he met his wife, also a Pakistani-Hakka, of 45 years, in Rawalpindi.
由于大量的中国人从东巴基斯坦移民，他在拉瓦尔品第遇到了他的妻子，也是一位45岁的巴基斯坦客家人。
For a long period of time, a mixture of Urdu, English and Hakka was spoken in their Pakistani-Chinese household.
在很长一段时间里，巴基斯坦华人家庭都会夹杂着使用乌尔都语、英语和客家话。
Preserving the Hakka language is not only useful for daily interactions between majority of the local Chinese, it also reflects their intimacy and identity with a particular place: Meixan, the ancestral village of their parents or grandparents in Guangdong province in China.
客家语的保留不仅有助于当地大多数中国人的日常交流，也反映了他们与一个特定地方的亲密关系和身份认同：梅县，他们的父母或祖父母在中国广东省的老家。
The influx of Chinese migrants after CPEC, however, has meant that the local Chinese have had to address what many see as a handicap — the inability to speak Mandarin Chinese.
然而，中巴经济走廊之后中国移民的涌入意味着，当地中国人不得不解决许多人认为的障碍——他们并不会讲普通话。
The grandchildren of my Abbottabad-born interlocutor are now learning Mandarin Chinese in an effort to salvage what is deemed an important part of their identity other than being Pakistani.
在阿伯塔巴德出生的一名对话者的孙子们现在正在学习中文普通话，试图挽救他们的中国身份，而非作为巴基斯坦人的身份。
This phenomenon, taking place among the Chinese diaspora in other parts of the world as well, is also related to the rise of China as a leading economic power.
这种现象也发生在世界其他地方的中国侨民中，这也与中国作为主要经济大国的崛起息息相关。
Older Pakistani-Chinese families are now but a dwindling fraction of the larger Chinese population that has been ushered in by the increasing economic cooperation between Pakistan and China.
随着中巴经济合作的不断加强，中国人口越来越多，老一辈巴基斯坦中国人家庭在其中所占的比例也越来越小。
When I ask whether the Pakistani-Chinese feel Chinese, the answer is often conflicting. On one hand, some say that they called themselves Chinese as that was what Pakistanis explicitly refer to them as. On the other, a more Pakistani identity is embraced amid the younger generations.
当我问巴基斯坦华人是否觉得自己是中国人时，答案往往是相互矛盾的。一方面，一些人说他们称自己是中国人，因为巴基斯坦人明确地称他们是中国人。但另一方面，年轻一代更认同他们是巴基斯坦人的身份。
In one incident, my interlocutor in Rawalpindi was driving his scooter back home one afternoon when confronted by two Pakistanis asking, “yeh Chinese idhar kyun goom raha hai?” (“Why is this Chinese roaming around here?”), to which his jocular response was, “kahan hai Chinese? Yahan par toh sab Pakistani hain” (“Where’s the Chinese? There are only Pakistanis here”).
一天下午，我在拉瓦尔品第的采访对象正开着他的电动车回家，遇到了两名巴基斯坦人，他们问(“为什么中国人会在这里闲逛?”)，对此他打趣地说，(“中国人在哪呢?这里只有巴基斯坦人”)。
These interactions, in fact, express the paradox of being ethnic Chinese in Pakistan, against the backdrop of CPEC and the rise in expatriates, migrants and labourers from China.
事实上，在中巴经济走廊和从中国来的外籍人士、移民和劳工不断增加的背景下，这些互动表达了在巴基斯坦身为华人的矛盾。
Reflecting on practices, heritage and understandings of 'home' amongst minorities opens to redefining what counts as 'Chinese' but also 'Pakistani' today.
反思少数族群对“家”的习惯、传统和理解，可以重新定义什么是“中国人”，什么是“巴基斯坦人”。
And even if it doesn’t, knowing these communities broadens an understanding of China-Pakistan relations, as one not only subsumed under CPEC and its developments, but revealing a much more connected history.
即使没有，了解这些社区也能加深对中巴关系的理解，因为中巴关系不仅包含在中巴经济走廊及其发展中，也展现出了一段更加紧密联系的历史。
巴基斯坦黎明报读者评论：
来源：三泰虎 译者：Joyceliu
外文链接：https://www.dawn.com/news/1425738/being-chinese-in-pakistan-between-heritage-and-home
Simple Logic
Very interesting
非常有趣
Emad
Chinese restaurants (in Dacca, Chittagong), run by the Chinese diaspora, were very popular among the officers during Bangladesh liberation struggle. Now few 'chin-a' live in Bangladesh.
中国餐馆(在吉大港的达卡)是由海外华人经营的，在孟加拉解放斗争期间很受军官们的欢迎。现在，孟加拉国几乎没有“中国餐厅”了。
Syed
Interesting article. I was always fascinated by the very much visible Pakistani Chinese community during my childhood in late 70s and early 80s. The best dentists for the masses were always the Chinese or the 'China Dandaan Saaz', as the boards outside their shops in Saddar area would read. Several Chinese restaurants would also have Chinese owners and chefs who spoke fluent urdu. Then slowly they vanished from public eye and a very few were seen. They are a treasure of Pakistan and an integral part of our society.
有趣的文章。在我70年代末80年代初的童年时代，我一直被巴基斯坦华人社区深深吸引。对百姓来说最好的牙医通常是中国人，就像他们在萨达尔地区店铺外的广告牌上所写的那样。一些中餐馆还会有能说一口流利乌尔都语的中国老板和厨师。然后，他们慢慢地从公众的视线中消失了，现在很少见了。他们是巴基斯坦的财富，是我们社会不可分割的一部分。
Bill
The history of Chinese communities in Pakistan goes beyond CPEC. Well. one would think so. The Chinese live is most countries. They were literally starving in South China for 250 years and traveled all over the world finding work.
巴基斯坦华人社区的历史超越了中巴经济走廊。好吧，大家都会这样认为。中国人生活在大多数国家。他们在中国南方挨饿了250年，在世界各地寻找工作。
Rafi Ahmed
Your article is nice but you left out some leading Pakistani Chinese running restaurants in Bahadurabad / Tariq Road areas of Karachi .
你的文章不错，但你遗漏了一些巴基斯坦华人在卡拉奇巴哈杜拉巴德/塔里克路地区经营的一流餐馆。
Alba
This phenomenon, taking place among the Chinese diaspora in other parts of the world as well, is also related to the rise of China as a leading economic power. _ Chinese was the richest country in the world several times in history, and may be again. _ From 1600 to1800 under Manchu rule China's emperors were the world's richest men, and the wealth of the elite made China the richest country.
这种现象也发生在在世界其他地方的中国侨民中，这也与中国作为主要经济大国的崛起有关。中国在历史上几次成为世界上最富有的国家，而且可能会再次成为世界上最富有的国家。从1600年到1800年，在满族统治下，中国的皇帝是世界上最富有的人，精英阶层的财富使中国成为最富有的国家。
Syed Zafar
Very interesting article
非常有趣的文章
Hamed Quraishi
These Chinese are real Pakistanis because they have decided for Pakistan ! Other call themselves Punjabi , Sindhi etc.
这些中国人是真正的巴基斯坦人，因为他们选择了巴基斯坦!其他人称自己为旁遮普人，信德人等等。
Ijaz
A few years ago, I came across a Chinese-Pakistani air steward on a PIA flight from Karachi to London. I was fascinated by him as he spoke perfect Urdu. On questioning he educated me by explaining that he was a Pakistani citizen (and not Chinese), but his grandparents had migrated to Karachi some 50 years ago to join the already sizeable community in that city.
Long live Pakistan and the diversity of Pakistan!
几年前，我在巴基斯坦国际航空公司从卡拉奇飞往伦敦的航班上遇到了一名中巴航空乘务员。他会说一口流利的乌尔都语，我被他迷住了。经过询问，他告诉我他是巴基斯坦公民(不是中国人)，但他的祖父母大约50年前移民到了卡拉奇，已经加入了该市相当大的社区。
巴基斯坦的多样性万岁!
Human first
very intresting insight.. will be more intresting once CEPEC is complete.
非常有意思的观察 . .在中巴经济走廊完成后会更有意思。
Iftikhar Husain
It is nice to read this article we human being wonder round the world and make home and settle.
这篇文章真是太好了，我们人类周游世界，安居乐业。
Hamed Quraishi
yes. Real cool answer ! I hope we all answer the same way.
是的。这答案真酷!我希望我们都能这样回答。
Nasser
Interesting article; the Chinese have a positive connection within Pakistanis generally. However, it is going to be tested depending upon how CPEC progresses. The CPEC project, by definition, should benefit both Pakistan and China, but the chinese, as the "senior" partner, must be careful to ensure the sovereign status of Gawadar (and Pakistan as a whole) is not harmed - ever. Taking geopolitics into account, both countries need each other, and a longer-term approach, accompanied by mutual respect, should be taken by both.
有趣的文章;中国同巴基斯坦的关系总体上是积极的。然而，它将根据中巴经济走廊的进展情况经历考验。中巴经济走廊项目，从定义上讲，应该对巴基斯坦和中国都有利，但作为“高级”合作伙伴，中国必须小心谨慎，确保瓜达尔(乃至整个巴基斯坦)的主权地位永远不会受到损害。考虑到地缘政治因素，两国都需要对方，两国应该采取一种长期的、相互尊重的方式。
Vikas
Being Chinese in Pakistan would be like being a British during the Raj days. Do anything with the locals and get away with it. Loot, shoot and scoot, after all you are the masters. Must be great. Now I feel like being a Chinese in Pakistan.
在巴基斯坦做中国人就像在英国统治时期做英国人一样。对当地人做任何事，都可以逃脱惩罚。不管掠夺，射击，还是逃逸都如此，毕竟你们是主任。肯定很棒吧。现在我很想变成巴基斯坦华人。
Kevin
Very nice article, first time I think about the early Hakha Chinese settlers who called Pakistan home and different from the recent Economic migrants from China. I lived in Saddar, and had many Chinese friends. We grew up together, went to the same schools, and many, like the Goans of Pakistan, moved to Canada and the US and thriving.
这是很好的一篇文章，我想到了早期的客家中国移民，他们把巴基斯坦视为家乡，这和最近的中国经济移民不同。我住在萨达尔，有很多中国朋友。我们一起长大，上的是同一所学校，很多人像巴基斯坦的果阿人一样，搬到了加拿大和美国，生活蒸蒸日上。
Sadaf
There should be no borders and countries Our country is the whole world
本就不该有国界和国家之分，我们的国家就是全世界
Amir Ali
Thank you Alice. I learned a lot from this article.
谢谢你爱丽丝。我从这篇文章中学到了很多。
Usman
One of the best Chinese cuisine experience, was in my students day in Gulberg Lahore, in basement of on of the plazas on main boulevard. We used to visit regularly to eat chicken chowmein.
我吃到过的最好吃的中国美食之一，是我在拉合尔古堡的学生日活动时吃到的，地点在主干道广场广场的一间地下室。我们过去经常去那儿吃鸡肉杂烩。
N. Rahim, Toronto
I went to Cork's Private (later Govt.) School in PECHS. I had some Chinese class fellows, whose family owned Chinese restaurants in the area. One particular one being Shanghai Chinese Restaurant opposite of Café De Khan. My youngest sister those days was very little and just begng to walk. My mother specifically wanted to go there because the girls over there (my friends from school), will take my sister away and play with her while we ate. Very good days. Excellent memories!
我去了科克的私人学校(后来变成公办学校)。我有一些中国同学，他们家族在这个地区拥有中餐馆。有一家是上海中餐厅，在可汗咖啡馆对面。那时我最小的妹妹还很小，才刚开始走路。我妈妈特别喜欢去那里，因为那边的女孩们(我学校的朋友们)会把我妹妹带走，在我们吃饭的时候和她一起玩。那时候真好。美好的记忆!
Random Passerby
Absolutely, fascinating. Would love to read more about this topic
当然,令人着迷。我想多了解一些这个话题的信息
Imtiaz Ali Khan
Friends I have seen Chinese people in my village. I'm from Interior Sindh and this was a bit strange few year back but now I'm getting used to it. I like Chini people, but I really don't like the strange foods they eat, please don't take me wrong but I have seen Chini people eat insects which I know it's common in China but in Pakistan this is going to be very strange as most people in my village are vegetarians and those who eat meat they also don't eat insects. The Chini people are in my village to work on CPEC projects like coal and construction of roads and other infrastructure, I have also seen Filipino people but the seem to be more desi because they can also speak English, so I can talk to them and get to know them, but Chini people only speak Mandarin or other dialects from China. Those are my observation. We also have to cut this deficit with China right now they import 1 billion from Pakistan and we import over 12 billion dollars of Chini imports that not fair for Pakistan.
我的朋友们在我的村子里见过中国人。我来自内信德省，几年前这有点奇怪，但现在我已经习惯了。我喜欢中国人,但我真的不喜欢他们吃奇怪的食物，请别误会我的意思，我看过中国人吃昆虫,我知道这是在中国很常见,但在巴基斯坦这是非常奇怪的。我住的村子里大多数人是素食者和那些就算吃肉也不吃昆虫的人。中国人在我所在的村庄参与中巴经济走廊的煤炭和道路和其他基础设施建设等项目,我也见过菲律宾人,但似乎更像德西人,因为他们也可以讲英语,所以我可以与他们交谈,了解他们,但中国人只说普通话或其他中国方言。这是我的观察结果。我们现在还必须削减对中国的贸易逆差，他们从巴基斯坦进口10亿美元，而我们从中国进口超过120亿美元，这对巴基斯坦是不公平的。
V Gupta
Research the Indian Chinese maam. Several have done exceedingly well in business, and at least one is on the threshold of becoming a dollar billionaire.
也研究一下印度华人吧。有些人在商业上非常成功，至少有一个人即将成为亿万富翁了。
Wise
Some of the Pak-Chinese are also serving in the government, my brother told my years ago of a inspector in police that he met.
有些巴基斯坦华人也在政府部门工作，我哥哥几年前告诉我，他在警察局看到了一位华人警员。
Najma Hisham
lots of chinese in east Punjab. they blend in so easily.
东旁遮普省有很多中国人。他们很容易相处。
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