Why is India still so far behind despite being an independent country for much longer?

印度作为一个独立国家的时间要长得多，为什么仍然远远落后于？

以下是Quora读者的评论：

Kalidas C

The main reasons are as follows.

work hard. In a day, real contribution per day will be ten hours. Indians real contribution per day will be maxmum four hours. This affects per person contribution to Economy..

People living on free stuff should be far less than in India. This affects the Economy of India more negatively than .

主要原因如下：

努力工作。每天认真工作10个小时。印度人每天最多认真工作4小时。这影响了每个人对经济的贡献。

依赖免费物资生活的人应该比印度少得多。这对印度经济的负面影响更大。

Mohit Nair, Frustrated with Indian politics

This is because:

1.India is diversely populated with people from all faiths.

2.India is a de ocracy for no reason, and clever people here play with the loopholes in the country.

3.Indian politicians encourage this as it is a good way for them to gain power and warm money without development.

这是因为:

1.印度人口众多，信仰各异。

2.印度是一个徒劳的民*国家，聪明人想方设法钻国家的空子。

3.印度政客鼓励这种做法，因为这是他们在没有发展的情况下还能获得权力和金钱的好方法。

Rahman, studied at York University

is a bigger country with more resources and has managed to control it’s population growth. India has not.

Even though the sizes of the two countries are different, their populations are around the same size and India’s growth is not stop anytime soon

比印度大，拥有更多的资源，并成功地控制了人口增长。印度没做到这一点。

尽管两国的面积不同，但人口规模大致相同，印度的增长不会很快停止。

译文来源：三泰虎 https://www.santaihu.com/48756.html 译者：Joyceliu

Srinivasaraghavan Sridharan, lives in India

Independence is the key word. Independence to indulge in corruption, independence of people with criminal record getting elected, independence to define secularism to exclude minorities, independence economically affluent to enjoy the benefit of reservation in the name of caste, so many independences!

独立是问题的关键词。印度独立了却陷于腐败，独立了却推选了有犯罪记录的人作为领导，独立了却定义了世俗主义，独立了却让经济富裕的人享受了以种姓之名的预留制好处，我们是如此的“独立”。

Chandra Shah, i am a post graduate..

India is still far behind because India is a de ocratic , mutilangual and muti religional country. So , In India , you cannot take speedy decisions like .

印度仍然远远落后于，因为印度是一个民*、多元、宗教的国家。所以，在印度，你不可能像那样迅速做出决定。

Warren Shafford, Self Employed (2008-present)

Russia needs as a ally so they helped them become what they are today.

America knows they are still far ahead of so does not fear so America helped economically and that helps America. But has grown enough and now America is a little worried about the future.

俄罗斯需要作为盟友，所以他们帮助发展成今天的样子。

美国知道他们遥遥领先于，所以不担心，美国在经济上帮助了，这反过来也帮助了美国。但是现在已得到充分的发展，美国开始担心未来了。

Siloo Kapadia, studied Education at India

 Our leaders can’t point to a place, snap their fingers, and forcefully develop it the way the leadership can.

Now as the world has awoken to ’s plans for global domination, it will be interesting to see how fast they continue to develop.

我们的领导人没办法指着一个地方，打个响指，就全速发展。

现在，全世界都已经意识到的全球主导计划，看看他们能继续以多快的速度发展，会是一场好戏。

Oraf Moin, Proprietor at Hind National Exports (1992-present)

That's the difference between getting colonized by British vs Japanese. They both had different philosophies of colonization.

Japanese were looking to add more meat aka territory to their mainland's. So they mass industrialized their colonies. Let's take Korea. In Busan in 1943, local industry could produce Ki-43 military planes. India had that capacity only in the 80s. Factories in eastern all the way up to Manchu were building sophisticated arms, precision parts etc.

So Japanese always attempted to mass industrialize their colonies as Japan.

British had a different idea of colonization. They wanted their colonies to be export hubs for raw materials for British industry and to be import hubs for British produce. So British would actively discourage or halt attempts by locals to industrialize.

But Japanese would opine that the colonized land should merge with Japanese mainland culturally. British left u alone in this department

这就是分别被英国殖民和被日本殖民的区别。这两者有着不同的殖民哲学。

日本人希望能给日本本土提供更多的肉。所以他们大规模工业化他们的殖民地。以韩国为例。1943年在釜山，当地工业可以生产Ki-43军用飞机。而印度直到80年代才有这种能力。工厂在制造精密武器和零件等。

所以日本人总是努力让他们的殖民地实现大规模工业化，像日本一样。

英国人对殖民有不同的看法。他们希望殖民地成为英国工业原材料的出口中心和英国农产品的进口中心。所以英国人会积极阻止当地人的工业化尝试。

但是日本人认为殖民地应该与日本本土文化融合。英国人则不管。

Sameer Thapa, studied at Management Development Institute

Your question is pertinent provided you are comparing two countries economic growths and its effects.

However, once you go beyond economics, you will realise that India is ahead on things.

Why India is lagging on economic growth as compared to .

India isn't homogeneous country, at least not to the extent of . It's diversity and its approach to manage it in a manner that the diversity is retained and not erased in the name of greater good. Indian's by nature is used to its diversity and try their best at the various levels of governance to accommodate it as much as possible.

Unlike , Indian's are not much fan of uniformity when it comes to culture and their identities. So, you can't have a single policy for all of India, so lot of exceptions have to be incorporated from the highest to the lowest levels. Thst means continuous and sustained interactions with all the stake holders. It results in a slowest possible progress from the policies formulation to arriving at an acceptable agreeable versions of the policies, at the highest level. Same goes while execution, invariably there would be something practical that was missed or not accounted for, further delaying the progress.

In short, India being a de ocracy means its diversities in all aspect's like, race, religion, ethnicity, language etc. needs to be accounted for and cannot be bulldozed by using state power. For eg. India has 22 national language and citizens have the right to ask any official documents in any of these 22 languages (this is just at the national level, not at the provincial levels).

So, India take time to decide but once decided the chances are that it truly reflects the will of a country.

如果你比较的是两个国家的经济增长及其影响，你的问题很中肯。

一旦你超越了经济学，你就会意识到，印度在一些真正重要的事情上是领先的。

为什么印度在经济增长上落后于？

印度不是同质化的国家，至少不像那样。印度的多样性以及管理多样性的方式是保持多样性，而不是为了更大的利益而消除多样性。印度人天生就习惯了多样性，并在各级政府中尽最大努力来适应。

与不同的是，印度人在文化和身份认同上不太一致。所以，你不能为整个印度制定一个单一的政策，所以需要有很多例外。这意味着与所有利益相关者的持续交涉。它导致从政策制定到制定出最终版本的进展十分缓慢。在执行时也是如此，总是会有一些实际的东西被遗漏或没有被考虑到，进一步拖延了进展。

简而言之，印度是一个民*国家，这意味着它在各个方面的多样性，比如种族、宗教、民族、语言等等，都需要考虑，无法用国家权力去清除。如，印度有22种国家语言，公民有权以这22种语言中的任何一种索要任何官方文件。

所以，印度需要时间来做决策，但一旦做出决策，就有可能真正反映一个国家的意愿。

Sreenath Mysore, former Volunteer Worker at Sri Aurobindo Ashram

No India is not behind but on par with it if you take all aspects of a nation. has focused on certain aspects and India on certain other aspects. On the chosen focus areas each country is ahead of the other.

Let me explain.

There are four aspects to any nation, political, military, economical and social. Progress on all these fronts is essential for the progress of a nation as a whole.

India has focused more on the political and social aspects first, only later when these two are more or less secured is bringing the other two aspects, economic and military into greater focus.

has focused more on military and economy

When it comes to defence and economy India is lagging behind and trying to catch up.

But India always conquers the world with its soft power. Hard power is only for defence.

不，印度并不落后于，但如果你把一个国家的方方面面都考虑进去的话，印度是可以和平起平坐的。关注的是某些方面，印度关注的是其他方面。在各自关注的领域中，分别各自领先与对方。

让我来解释一下。

任何国家都有四个方面关注领域：政治、军事、经济和社会。这些领域的全面进步对整个国家的进步是至关重要的。

印度更关注政治和社会方面，只有当这两个方面获得安全之后，才会把经济和军事这两个方面纳入更大的关注范围。

更注重军事和经济

在国防和经济方面，印度落后了，正在努力赶上。

印度总是以软实力征服世界。硬实力只用于防御。

Ekansh Mishra, btech Bachelor of Engineering in Mechatronics Engineering & Robotics, Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering

Well! there are lot of factors which makes india less developed than over a period of time:

1.Literacy Rate 

Till , 1980 the GDP and per capita income of india and was quite samilar but the literacy rate in is way more ahead than in India. has much more efficient and educated labour force than india that makes them manufacturing hub and exporter of cheap technology and products to the world.

2.Neighbouring countries

Yes! You heard it right. Neighbouring countries plays a vital rule in development of any country as there is more trade potential with them.

In case of they are lucky enough to have neighbours like Japan ,S.korea, Russia , Hongkong etc. to them export there raw materials like iron, food, coal , and other natural resources .

And in case of India they have underdeveloped neighbouring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar , Pakistan , Bangladesh etc. which does not have good trade potential and also India's trade relation with them is not very good.

嗯，在一段时间内，有很多因素使得印度不如发达：

1.识字率

直到1980年，印度和的GDP和人均收入相当，但的识字率远远领先于印度。与印度相比，拥有更高效、受教育程度更高的劳动力，这使成为制造业中心，并向世界出口廉价技术和产品。

2.邻国

是的！你没听错。邻国在任何国家的发展中都起着至关重要的作用，因为它们能带来更多的贸易潜力。

就而言，他们很幸运有日本这样的邻居。向韩国、俄罗斯、香港等地出口铁、食品、煤炭等自然资源。

印度的邻国不丹、尼泊尔、缅甸、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国等都不发达，没有良好的贸易潜力，印度与这些国家的贸易关系也不是很好。

4. Availability of Resources

tops almost every agricultural product production in world like they are number one in production of wheat , rice,tea ,apple,fish etc. and they also have huge reserves of iron, copper, coal, petroleum etc.

Although India is also a major producer of many products but it is way behind than . India exports almost 80% of its petroleum from other countries.

5. Change in type of market

is a manufacturing hub in the world and it is manufacturing driven economy and it also have impactful performance in other sectors .

But in India , it is service sector driven economy and it does not export too much it's GDP depends on self consumption by local peoples. Our 60% peoples are working in agricultural sector but the cardinal problem is that agriculture only contributes 20% to our GDP . If India want to grow faster it has to increase the income of farmers , agricultural production and by employing more people in manufacturing and service sector.

4.资源可用性

几乎是世界上所有农产品产量第一的国家，的小麦、大米、茶叶、苹果、鱼等产品的产量上都居世界第一，同时还拥有巨大的铁、铜、煤、石油等储量。

虽然印度也是许多产品的主要生产国，但远远落后于。印度80%的石油出口来自其他国家。

5.市场类型的变化

是世界制造业中心，是制造业驱动的经济体，在其他领域也有很好的表现。

但在印度，经济是服务部门驱动的，出口不太多，GDP依赖于国内消费。我们60%的人都从事农业，但最主要的问题是农业只占我们GDP的20%，如果印度想要更快的增长，必须增加农民的收入，增加农业生产，并在制造业和服务业雇佣更多的人。

Lincoln Cheng (鄭博軒), BA Politics, King's College London (2020)

India’s past of abysmal economic policy

It seems India has only recently cracked the code for economic growth, with successive governments following independence producing abysmal economic policy that has resulted in slow and minimal growth up until now.

In fact, it was only in the early 1990s that India began to realise that its old ways of conducting business were untenable. At the time, India was in the throes of a debt crisis, the national budget deficit had inflated to a significant degree, while the country’s foreign exchange reserves could not keep up. Sensing a potentially dangerous collapse, the IMF stepped in and offered to alleviate the pressure (but with conditions attached). These conditions were recommended economic reforms for India to pursue in order to prevent another crisis. This led to India drastically reforming its economic legislation and diversifying its economic links. The economy was greatly liberalised as the Indian government of the time moved away from the more interventionist state-governed “licence raj” model, that had remained more or less unchanged since independence in 1947. As a result, the economy started to grow at a far greater pace.

Had this been done earlier, perhaps the Indian economy would be at a far better place than it is today.

印度过去糟糕的经济政策

印度似乎直到最近才破解了经济增长的密码，独立后的历届政府都出台了糟糕的经济政策，导致迄今为止经济增长缓慢且微乎其微。

事实上，直到上世纪90年代初，印度才开始意识到，它过去的方式是站不住脚的。当时，印度正处于债务危机的阵痛之中，国家预算赤字大幅膨胀，而该国的外汇储备无法跟上。国际货币基金组织察觉到了潜在的危险，介入并帮忙缓解外汇压力(但附加了条件)。为了防止另一场危机，建议印度进行经济改革。于是印度大力改革其经济立法。当时的印度政府摆脱了干涉主义更强的“许可证统治”管理模式，经济得到了极大的解放。结果，经济开始以更快的速度增长。

如果早点这样做，也许印度经济会比现在好得多。

Furthermore, foreign and economic policy initiatives such as: “Make in India” or the “Look/Act East” policy have both greatly contributed to India’s economic rise and human development. For example, the Look/Act East policy, first developed under ex PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee, continued by his successor Manmohan Singh, and expanded by current incumbent Narendra Modi. Looked to the fast growing economies of ASEAN/South East Asia as potential economic development models to emulate. This was later built upon by the current PM Modi to increase both economic ties and general geopolitical presence/clout in the region.

“Make in India” on the other hand was Modi’s attempt to create new jobs and transform the Indian economy. Which is something absolutely essential given the country’s massive population. And Modi has made no secret about his plans to achieve this through reforms of the exsting labour law, which currently penalises employers for terminating employees’ contracts by making it an extremely hard process. Because of this employers tend to be hesitant to take on new labour, thus in spite of high levels of economic growth, unemployment rates still remain a vital issue and challenge to be overcome.

In addition to creating new jobs, “Make in India” was also designed as an attempt to push India along the road of becoming a manufacturing powerhouse. This is because, much like in the 20th century, India still remains a somewhat agrarian society, and this poses a huge barrier to growth. For example, as of 2016, 49% of the Indian labour force was working in the agricultural sector, but this 49% only produced around 13–14% of the nation’s GDP. Ultimately, this initiative comes with the realisation that diversification of the economy is needed for India to realise its true economic potential. With all these new far more lucid and practical economic policies currently being pursued by recent Indian governments, I personally remain optimistic of India’s future economic direction.

此外，诸如“印度制造”或“向东看”等外交和经济政策举措都对印度的经济崛起和人类发展做出了巨大贡献。例如，“向东看”政策，最初由前总理阿塔尔•比哈里•瓦杰帕伊制定，由他的继任者曼莫汉•辛格延续，现任总理纳伦德拉•莫迪扩大。把东盟/东南亚快速增长的经济体视为可以仿效的潜在经济发展模式。后来，现任总理莫迪在此基础上加强了经济联系和地缘政治影响力。

另一方面，“印度制造”是莫迪创造新就业机会和改变印度经济的尝试。考虑到这个国家庞大的人口，这是绝对必要的。莫迪毫不掩饰自己的计划，即通过改革现有的劳动法来实现这一目标。现行劳动法规定，雇主终止雇员合同的行为将受到惩罚，这使得终止合同的过程异常艰难。因此，尽管经济增长水平很高，但失业率仍然是一个至关重要的问题和需要克服的挑战。

除了创造新的就业机会，“印度制造”还旨在推动印度走上成为制造业强国的道路。这是因为，就像20世纪的一样，印度仍然是一个农业社会，这对经济增长构成了巨大的障碍。例如，截至2016年，印度49%的劳动力在农业部门工作，但这49%只贡献了全国GDP的13-14%。最终，这一举措带来的是，印度认识到，要实现其真正的经济潜力，必须实现经济的多元化。鉴于最近几届印度政府正在推行的所有这些更加清晰和务实的新经济政策，我个人仍然对印度未来的经济方向保持乐观。

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