How did Chinese civil engineers have enough time to design the Wuhan emergency hospital building, given that it was built & finished within 9 days? What kind of advanced technology did China use to build with such amazing speed？

仅仅9天，武汉急救医院就建成完工，中国土木工程师如何能有足够的时间来设计？中国究竟有什么样的先进技术，能以如此惊人的速度完成建设？

以下是美国Quora读者的评论：

Abhijeet Oundhakar, Near 20 yrs in Structural engineering, design of structures

Let’s focus only on the technical challenges. For the civil/ structural engineer, the challenge is to design a large structure within a day at the very maxmum. This has to start with a very simple architecture. A box with a very standard grid layout.

The architect and engineer have to sit together and make these decisions immediately. The plan has to move ahead minute by minute. Column grid size frozen on the basis of bed layout. OK. Move ahead. Floor-to-floor height has to accommodate AC ducting, electrical, plumbing, oxygen and NO gas pipes, etc. as well as structural depth. Make it conservative. Add 1 foot for luck, because there’s no time to make any changes if someone needs a bigger duct.

The structural design also has to be conservative. Floor load of 3 kPa? Take 5 kPa and go ahead, again because there’s no way anyone can change anything if you find that a heavy load has to come up on a floor that’s already being precast.

While the architectural/ structural design is going on, the electrical, HVAC, plumbing, firefighting and other services are also doing their design, again conservatively and as simply as possible.

Hence, the secret is conservatism, over-design and simplicity. An emergency project isn’t the place for you to demonstrate how light and economical your design can be, nor for the architect to show off his flights of aesthetic fancy.

我们把仅重点放在技术难度上。对于土木/结构工程师来说，最大的挑战是在一天之内设计出一个大型结构。这必须从一个非常简单的架构开始。一个带有标准网格布局的箱体。

架构师和工程师必须一起讨论，并立即做出决定。计划必须分秒必争地进行。柱网尺寸根据病床布局而定。搞定，继续。层板之间的高度必须容纳交流管道、电气、管道、氧气和无燃气管道等以及结构的深度。如果要更保险一些，再多加1英尺，因为如果需要安装更大的管道，就没有时间做任何改变了。

结构设计也必须保守一些。楼面荷载为3千帕，那就按5千帕来建设，因为如果你发现预制地板上有了重物负荷，任何人都不可能改变任何东西。

在进行建筑/结构设计的同时，电气、暖通、管道、消防和其他设施的设计也在同时进行，一样也是采取尽可能稳健和简单的策略。

因此，秘密在于稳健、余量设计和简单可行。紧急项目不是让你展示设计能有多轻巧、多经济的舞台，也不是让建筑师炫耀自己美学想象力的地方。

John White, Expert in most trades and technologies, ex EMT (1949-present)

They appear to be more like barracks or warehouses, probably prefabbed. I suspect they have minimal medical amenities, more like a clinic, since the majority of people who catch the virus will recover with just simple supportive care. Patients with serious complications would be moved to hospitals if at all possible. Impressive work on a tight timeline but these aren’t really equivalent to a conventional hospital. I hope this turns around soon for the people of China.

医院看起来更像是兵营或仓库，可能是预先设计好的。我怀疑配备的医疗设施很少，可能更像是一个诊所，因为大多数感染病毒的人只需简单的支持性护理就能康复。如果出现严重并发症的患者，将被即刻转移到医院治疗。在如此紧迫的时间内就完成了这个工程，令人感到震撼，但这并不等同于一个传统的医院。我希望中国人民能很快改变扭转这个局面。

Paul Denlinger, Have lived in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong; fluent in Mandarin (written, spoken)

1. The government has eminent domain so it can build anywhere it wants.
2. The Party, which is the government, can immediately mobilize anyone. No ifs, ands or buts because it is a national emergency.
3. Modular design.
4. Modular prefab units.

1.政府拥有土地征用权，所以它可以在任何地方建造房屋。

2.中国可以立即动员任何人。没有“如果”、“而且”或“但是”，因为这是国家紧急情况。

3.模块化设计。

4.模块化预制单位。

Martin Sebastian

It's no way they designed that from the scratch overnight. I believe the Chinese already have a generic blueprint after the SARS. They only make adjustments here and there to fit the landscape and needs.

The buildings maybe simple, but the system is not. It's complex system requires study and field test. What connected to what, what should be strategically place at where, etc to maxmize services and quarantine. Electrical installation, air circulation, water pipelines, sewer system and many others that would be easily overlooked.

他们不可能一夜之间就完成从零开始的设计。我相信中国人在遭遇非典之后，已经有了一个通用的蓝图。他们只是稍微做一些调整，以适应地形和需要。

建筑体可能很简单，但系统决不简单。它是一个复杂的系统，需要研究及现场测试。什么和什么连接，什么应该被战略性地放置在什么地方，等等，以便提供最大化的服务和隔离效果，比如电气安装、空气循环、水管、下水道系统和许多其他容易被忽视的东西。

Robert M. Gross, Retired (2013-present)

It’s not unimpressive, but it’s by no means advanced technology. I worked on a contract 20 years ago for a US company that built, among other things, modular hospitals and could do it it that short a time.

Original: How did Chinese civil engineers have enough time to design the Wuhan emergency hospital building, given that it was built finished within 9 days? What kind of advanced technology did China use to build with such amazing speed?

这确实令人印象深刻，但绝不是什么先进的技术。20年前，我就曾为一家美国公司承包了一个项目，其中就包括为这家公司建设模块化医院，一样可以在这么短的时间内完成。

中国土木工程师如何有足够的时间来设计武汉急救医院，在9天内就建成完工？中国采用了什么样的先进技术，能够以如此惊人的速度进行建设？

Gong Cheng, studied at University of Washington

Given the fact that our ancestors built the great wall and terracotta army over 2000 years ago, it should come as a surprise that we can do hospitals as well after 2000 years learning. In 2003, when SARS attacked China, they designed and built a hospital on demand called iao Tang Shan. This time, they basically reused the same blue print which saved tons of time.

考虑到我们的祖先在2000多年前就建造了长城和兵马俑，经过2000年的学习，我们能建造医院，这也算不上叫人大吃一惊的事了。2003年，当SARS袭击中国时，他们按需设计并建造了一所名为“小汤山”的医院。这一次，他们基本上使用了相同的设计蓝图，节省了大量的时间。

Mateus Mahumane, former Retired Engineer (1975-1990)

The building modules were already there as part of preparedness for any type of disaster. They will dismantle and keep them away for the next disaster, be it earthquake, floods, cyclone, war, etc. It is very costly but very handy.

建筑模块之前已经完工，作为各种灾难准备的一部分。它们会被拆除并保存起来，在下一次灾难发生时再次使用，无论是地震、洪水、飓风还是战争等等。它的造价很贵，但很方便。

Robert Jensen, Mushroom at Behind Enemy Lines (2005-present)

They have done this before with other diseases. They have lots of manpower

他们之前在应对其他疫情时也建过类似的项目。他们有很多劳动力。

Tony Tan, former Self Employed Trader

Design and calculation all done by AI.

设计和计算全部由人工智能完成。

Ray Comeau, Interest in geopolitics

We should clarify that your question is somewhat an apples to oranges comparison. However that said let’s do some rough comparison.

What did / how did China build in Wuhan.

我们应该说明一下，你的问题有点像苹果和桔子的对比，风马牛不相及。不过我们还是做一些粗略的比较吧。

中国在武汉建造了什么，怎么建的。

1. A facility to accommodate 1,000 beds in typical sized hospital rooms to be treated for serious lung infections (pneumonia) from an infectious virus.
2. A facility that intended to be temporary but could be used for several years if required.
3. A facility on an open space piece of land in a major city.
4. Structural plans for this type of facility is relatively standardized.
5. Thousands of workers and suppliers working in shifts worked 24 hours a day
6. The contractor was a highly experienced local company in a country that specializes in building infrastructure.
7. The budget was not in question, neither was profits part of the picture.
8. This was a situation of a national emergency

1.一个可容纳1000张床位的设施，在标准大小的病房里，用于治疗由传染性病毒引起的严重肺部感染病症(肺炎)。

2.一种临时设施，但如有需要，可使用数年。

3.在大城市空地上建造的设施。

4.这类设施的结构计划是比较标准化的。

5.成千上万的工人和供应商轮班工作，一天24小时工作不停歇。

6.承包商是一家经验丰富的当地公司，在一个专门从事基础设施建设的国家。

7.预算不成问题，利润也不用考虑。

8.这是国家紧急事件。

What construction benefitted from.

1. Structural plans that applies a cookie cutter pre-fabrication approach to installation for the majority of the construction.
2. Construction of a temporary facility.
3. No local government interference to slow down construction.
4. Scale and resources - thousands on workers on site 24/7, no shortage of construction equipment, no budget issues, well organized management.

什么建筑适合。

1. 结构计划，采用饼干模型切割刀预制安装的方法。
2. 建设临时设施。
3. 没有地方政府的干预来拖慢建设进度。
4. 规模和资源——数千名工人24/7在现场忙碌，施工设备应有尽有，没有预算问题，组织管理水平很高。

What are things that impact the speed of building a hospital in the UK, US, Canada etc.

1. Multiple levels of government involved in every phase of plan, location, budget, construction quality, design, inspections, building code and regulations, landscape, environmental regulations, utilities, parking lot, road access, signage, etc.
2. Most hospitals in the West need to be relatively earthquake proof multi-story buildings that can still function during natural disasters, while responding to needs of patients with any medical need.

在英国、美国、加拿大等国，哪些因素会影响医院建设的速度？

1. 各级政府插手每一阶段的规划、选址、预算、施工质量、设计、检查、建筑规范和法规、景观、环境法规、公用事业、停车场、道路通道、路标等。
2. 西方的大多数医院需要相对抗震的多层建筑，在自然灾害中仍能正常运转，同时满足病人的任何医疗需求。

Fida Choudhury, lives in The United Kingdom

I have worked on infrastructure projects in UK and overseas as a civil engineer. Let me add my perspective.

To start with, this is not a fair comparison. China is building a hospital in an emergency situation and there is no comparable recent project in UK. So let’s see how things are normally built in these countries. Let’s take an example of airport projects. The average time of building a brand new airport in China - 4yr. This duration includes design, compulsory purchase of land, appointment of contractors, construction, testing of operational readiness. The average time in UK to submit a planning application for an expansion of an airport is also 4yr. It will typically take another 1 or 2 yr for the planning consent to be granted before design work, construction etc can start.

So the question is how China can build so quick? The difference is not down to technology. Finding technichal solutions to civil engineering problems are easy and there is not many variations in the way one can design and build a building - no matter where it is.

我曾在英国和海外的基础设施项目中担任土木工程师。我想补充一下我的观点。

首先，这种比较不公平。中国是在紧急情况下建设这个医院的，英国近期没有类似项目。让我们看看这些国家通常是如何建造的。让我们以机场项目为例。在中国新建一座机场的平均时间是4年。这个时间期限包括设计、强制购买土地、指定承包商、施工、测试作业准备情况。在英国，提交机场扩建规划申请的平均时间也是4年。在设计工作、施工等开始之前，通常需要一到两年的时间才能获得规划许可。

所以问题在于中国如何能如此快速地建设工程项目？区别并不在于技术。寻找土木工程问题的技术解决方案是很容易的，而且一个人设计和建造一栋建筑的方式并没有太多的变化——无论它在哪里。

It takes longer in UK, beacuse of non-technical issues. As a civil engineer, I am all for tearing down old structure and buidlign shiny one fast. But if you ask me, I will prefer UK ways all the time. Why? Compared to authoratiarian countires, UK projects give more considerations to commercial need, environment, cultural heritage, public health, climate change, rule of law and above all concerns from local communities. More often that not, these considerations do not align and it takes longer to find a solution that has the least oevrall impact and we end up with a compromise project that does not please anyone.

Some readers may find the above statement hard to believe, so let me give few examples and let them decide.

I was working on a project to reduce flooding in a major city in middle east. Client split the city in several areas and insturcted my team to rank them in terms of cost / benefit, so that construction works can be prioritised. We submitetd a list that showed a densely populated area of the city which was developed in an unplanned way without a proper drainage would benefit the most form a new system. Client revised the list and asked us to priorities an unbuilt area with excellent ocean view as this location was earmarked for royal princes to build their palaces. Although the palaces might not be built in next 10yrs, they get priority over thousands of poor people. Obviously laying pipes in an open field is much quicker. Moreover value for tax payers’ money or environment impact on marine life was no consideration as long as royal family was concerned. Do you want this to happen in UK as the norm?

英国需要更长的时间，但并非因为技术性的问题。作为一名土木工程师，我完全赞成拆除旧建筑，并迅速建造一座闪亮的新建筑。但如果你问我，我更喜欢英国的方式。为什么？与威-权国家相比，英国的项目更多地考虑商业需求、环境、文化遗产、公共卫生、气候变化、法治，以及当地社区最关心的问题。这些考虑因素并不一致，需要花费更长的时间才能找到一个影响最小的解决方案，最终我们获得的是一个妥协折衷的项目，没办法让所有人满意。

有些读者可能觉得上面的说法难以置信，所以我决定举几个例子，大家自行判断。

我曾经负责一个项目，解决中东主要城市的洪涝问题。客户将城市划分为几个区域，并要求我的团队根据成本/效益对其进行排序，这样建筑工程就可以优先进行。我们提交了一个清单，显示某个城市人口密集、缺乏城市规划、排水系统不够完善的地区，如果建造新的排水系统，会有极大的裨益。可客户修改了清单，并要求我们优先考虑无人的新城区，因为这个位置是留给王子建造宫殿的。尽管这些宫殿在未来10年内都可能不会兴建，但却优先于成千上万的贫困百姓之上。显然，在空旷的地方铺设管道要快得多。此外，纳税人缴纳的钱或对海洋生物的环境影响也没有得到考虑，只考虑王室的喜好。你希望这在英国成为常态吗?

译文来源：三泰虎 https://www.santaihu.com/p/49966.html 译者：Joyceliu

I was working on a bridge project in an asian country. The impact on peoples’ livelihood was secondary to the construction. Client wanted a road and bridge alignement that was the shoetest, least expensive and quicker to build. When the design team was trying to minimise impact on local people, client thought they were joking. They were struggling to understand why a light manufacturing industry where 100s of people work needed to be avoided at additional cost to the proejct. Or why tenants on lands affetced needed to be paid compensation or even notice (“We paid the landowners, didn’t we? It is their duty to alert the tenants” or “People who are squatting on government own land do not have rights”). They just wanted to turn up with bulldozers backed up by armed police and started tearing down peoples’ homes! In UK, it take years to contact all affected people, justify compulsory purchase of lands, give adequate notice and relcoate peoples’ homes and businesses. Do you want these safeguards to be removed?

Some might claim UK planning regulations are over the top and improtant infrastructure projects should get priority over NIMBY (Not in my backyard) mentality. Believe me, many stop saying that when they are directly impacted.

How many UK residents will accept  Even fewer will aet 24/7 working without any limit on noise, vibration, dust or number of construction traffic on local roads. Moreover, many construction activities can only be undertaken to avoid bird nesting, wildlife breeding season. Working around these limitations add months or years to construction projects.

As a civil engineer, I get frustrated by these delays, but I would not want them removed. These restrictions are there to protect people, and environment .

我也曾在一个亚洲国家进行桥梁项目的建设。相对于项目建设而言，项目对人民生活的影响是次要的考虑因素。客户想要搭建道路和桥梁，因为这样建是最短，最便宜、更快的。当设计团队试图尽量减少对当地人的影响时，客户以为他们是在开玩笑。他们努力想弄明白，为什么要为了增加生产成本而避免100多名工人的工作量。或者，为什么需要对被征用土地的租户进行赔偿，甚至需要进行通知(“我们已经给了土地所有者赔偿金了，不是吗？他们有责任提醒租户”或“占用政府土地的人没有这种权利”)。他们只想用武装警察默许的推土机来摧毁人们的家园！在英国，人们需要数年时间才能联系到所有会收到项目影响的人，给予足够的通知，证明强制购买土地是合理的，并重新安置人们的住宅和企业。你希望这些防护措施被取消吗？

有些人可能会说，英国的规划法规过于严苛，重要的基础设施项目应该优先进行。相信我，当他们也受到直接影响时，很多人就不再这么说了。

有多少英国居民愿意接受24/7不间断工作安排，对噪音、振动、灰尘或当地道路上施工车辆数量不加以限制的人就更少了。此外，许多施工活动只能在不妨碍鸟类筑巢，非野生动物繁殖季节进行。因为这些限制因素，建设工程不得不增加数月甚至数年的时间周期。

作为一名土木工程师，我对这些延误也感到很郁闷，但我不希望它们会被取消。这些限制都是为了保护人类和环境而制定的。

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