What has been India's biggest achievement in the past 72 years post-Independence?
独立后的72年间，印度最大的成就是什么?
以下是Quora读者的评论：
Joseph Santhiyagu
I just want to vent my frustration here…
India moved from a famine familiar country to a healthy country. We no longer have polio. We no longer search for food among bugs, we are looking for bugs in software. We have become a hub to R&D centres. We had a white revolution, green revolution, IT revolution etc..
My dad lived in Gingee (a village in Tamilnadu). During the years of famine, an NGO used to give bread in exchange for work - like laying roads. He will get only bread. On the way to home, he would collect some wild greens from nearby land make it as paste and eat it along with bread. That was the state of India in the late 50’s. Now he is a retired accountant.
In the 80’s 90’s unemployment for graduates was a common thing. I am NOT stressing on unemployment, I am stressing on graduates. India was starting to find jobs for graduates there were more graduates than the previous generation. Education started to increase. In 50’s and 60’s we had poverty, less jobs and a very few graduates. In 80’s and 90’s we got more graduates and less job’s. At this time the government of India (state & central) gave job opportunity with a pension to a lot of people. They created a lot of jobs. Of course, most people became corrupt or inefficient at later stages. But the first few batches were very efficient. even now we still have efficient dedicated officers.
我只是想发泄一下我的沮丧…
印度从一个常闹饥荒的国家发展成了一个国民健康的国家。我们不再有脊髓灰质炎。我们不再在虫子堆里寻找食物，我们现在只会在软件系统中寻找“漏洞虫”。我们已成为研发中心的枢纽。我们推行了白色革命，绿色革命，IT革命等等。
我爸爸住在泰米尔纳德邦的一个叫Gingee的村庄。在饥荒年代，一个非政府组织曾经用面包吸引人们干活——比如铺路。我爸爸干完活只能拿到面包作为报酬。在回家的路上，他会从附近的土地上采一些野菜做成菜糊糊，配着面包一起吃。那是印度50年代末的情况。现在他是一名退休的会计。
在80年代90年代，毕业生找不到工作是很正常的事情。我强调的不是失业，而是毕业生。印度开始为毕业生找工作，这一代毕业生比上一代多很多。教育水平开始提高。在五六十年代，我们只有贫困，少得多的工作机会和很少的毕业生。在80年代和90年代，我们的毕业生增加了，但工作机会更少了。这个时候，印度的政府(邦和中央)给很多人提供了工作机会和养老金。他们创造了很多就业机会。当然，大多数人后来腐败了，消极怠工了。但前几批人的效率很高。即使是现在，我们仍然能看到高效、敬业的警官。
Coming to the era of 2000 - we started using computers, the floppy disk was a rare device to see. 256MB RAM of PC was luxury. only one of my friend whose parents were bankers had PC. In 20 years we have a mobile phone with 8GB RAM.
Our country started off with IT services to generate income and now started working in R&D. I started my career working AT&T-yahoo customer support. Now I have worked with Juniper, Ericsson & Dell. We had R&D centres only in the US in early 2000 now those companies have their R&D centres in India.
时间迈入2000年，我们开始使用计算机，软盘是个稀罕的物件。拥有256MB内存的电脑是奢侈品。我的朋友中，只有一个父母都是银行家的人拥有了一台电脑。20年后，我们人手一只8GB内存的手机。
我们的国家从IT服务起步进行创收，现在开始进入研发领域的工作。我的职业生涯开始于AT&T-yahoo公司的客户支持岗位。现在我与瞻博、爱立信和戴尔都合作过。2000年初研发中心只设在美国，现在这些公司在印度都设立了研发中心。
Swamy Krishna
I shall cite just one biggest achievement of India in the past 72 years, post independence. India was able to get a decisive victory, and able to hold head high internationally.
The biggest achievement of Indira Gandhi after the 1971 election came in December 1971 with India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War that occurred in the last two weeks of the Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of independent Bangladesh. She was said to be hailed as Goddess Durga by opposition leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee at that time.
On the night of March 25th 1971; Pakistan (West Pakistan at the time) launched ‘Operation Searchlight‘ against East Pakistan (Modern-day Bangladesh), where it carried out the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The Pakistan military junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested the Prime Minister-designate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Extensive military operations and air-strikes were carried out in rural and urban areas of East Pakistan, to suppress the civil disobedience that ensued after the 1970 elections. Radical militants backed the Pakistan Army to assist it during raids on the local population.
我只想列举印度在过去72年里，即独立后至今取得的一项最大成就。印度取得了决定性的胜利，在国际上昂首挺胸。
英迪拉·甘地在1971年大选后最大的成就是在1971年12月，孟加拉国解放战争的最后两周，印度在印巴战争中决定性地战胜了巴基斯坦，这导致了独立的孟加拉国的形成。据说当时反对派领袖阿塔尔·比哈里·瓦杰帕伊将她誉为杜尔加女神。
1971年3月25日晚，巴基斯坦(当时的西巴基斯坦)对东巴基斯坦(现在的孟加拉国)发动了“探照灯行动”，有计划地消灭了民族主义的孟加拉平民、学生、知识分子、宗教少数派和武装人员。巴基斯坦军政府宣布1970年的选举结果无效，并逮捕了候任总理谢赫·穆吉布·拉赫曼。
在巴基斯坦东部的农村和城市地区进行了大范围的军事行动和空袭，镇 压了1970年选举后随之而来的非暴 力不合作运动。激进分子支持巴基斯坦军队在袭击当地居民时提供帮助。
This led to the fleeing of 10 million refugees from East Pakistan to India, whilst displacing 30 million others. A Provincial government of Bangladesh was created in Mujibnagar and temporary asylum was given to it by India, as they moved to Calcutta as a ‘government in exle’.
On orders of Indira Gandhi, India joined the war on 3rd December 1971, following pre-emptive air strikes by Pakistan in North India. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi expressed full support towards East Pakistan, and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was economical to go to war with Pakistan. With the help of air supremacy achieved in the eastern province, as well as the rapid advances of the Indian Armed forces backed by Allied Forces of Bangladesh, Pakistan surrendered in Dhaka on December 16th 1971. The war lasted a total of 13 days. This was a decisive victory for India.
No PM, past or present were able to give a decisive victory for India in a war. It was a boost for the armed forces of India.
这导致1000万难民从东巴基斯坦逃往印度，同时使3000万难民流离失所。孟加拉在穆吉布那加成立省政府，印度为其提供临时庇护，他们作为“流亡政府”迁往加尔各答。
在巴基斯坦对印度北部发动先发制人的空袭之后，印度在1971年12月3日按照英迪拉·甘地的命令加入了战争。印度总理英迪拉·甘地表示全力支持东巴基斯坦，并认为与其接纳数百万难民，不如与巴基斯坦开战更为经济。借助在东部省份取得的制空权，以及在孟加拉国盟军支持下的印度武装力量的迅速推进，巴基斯坦于1971年12月16日在达卡投降。战争总共持续了13天。这是印度决定性的胜利。
无论是过去还是现在，没有哪位总理能够在一场战争中给印度带来决定性的胜利。这是对印度武装力量的一种促进。
Siddharth Sinha
INDIA’S SUCCESS in PROGRESSING AS IT HAS without breaking up’ is the biggest achievement in past 72 years!!!!
If anyone finds that statement strange, let me put some muscle on it. In 1947 when India gained independence, the western world had predicted that India will break up due to its humongous diversity - castes, religions, linguistic, regional, cultural et al.,
The other reason was the ubiquitous poverty, backwardness, illiteracy, rule of the landlords, hundreds of erstwhile principalities/kingdom/rulers, etc made India an unenviable state where the western scholars predicted that India would break up into numerous small and tiny fragments.
But that was in 1947 and immediately thereafter. When India remained united despite the problems/issues mentioned above, the west still couldn’t comprehend how and why India could succeed in future. Predictions were made that once Pt. J L Nehru passed away India may be taken over by the military because that was the only well organised set up.
印度在没有分 裂的情况下取得的进步是过去72年来最大的成就!!
如果有人觉得这句话很奇怪，让我来解释一下。1947年印度获得独立时，西方世界曾预言，由于种姓、宗教、语言、地区、文化等的巨大多样性，印度必将分裂。
另一个原因是无处不在的贫穷、落后、文盲、地主统治、昔日数以百计的公国/王国/统治者等等，西方学者预测印度必将四分五裂。
但那是在1947年和之后不久。尽管存在上述问题，印度仍然统一，西方无法理解印度未来如何以及为什么会成功。曾有预测说，一旦尼赫鲁去世，印度可能会被军队接管，因为这是唯一组织良好的组织。
What India has achieved is nothing short of miracle. Indians have proved that a country with hundreds of diversity, nations, languages, castes, religions, cultures can survive even against all odds. If God had to test if humans can survive with great disadvantages, he would have put India of 1947 as a perfect situation. The fact that India emerged virtually unscathed, it is a miracle! Although, we must admit that some drawbacks did come along but India overcame those hurdles.
On the way, India made some mistakes, and learnt from it. India learnt that peace doesn’t always work, to survive the country has to equip itself with arms, and India started to arm itself. Today, India has the world’s second largest active army personnel.[1] 7th largest Naval power[2] and 4th most powerful air force in the world
译文来源：三泰虎 http://www.santaihu.com/p/50670.html 译者：Joyceliu
India had a left leaning government until 1991 when the great economic crisis struck India. India came close to defaulting on its payments. It barely had three weeks’ worth of import in reserves and on the horizon was the problem of paying its employees. India had to pledge 67 tons of gold reserves to borrow US$ 2.2 billion.[4] What value gold had in Indian psyche, and pledging it was a humiliation which India took very seriously. India started to open up the economy. India made a point to have handsome reserves. Today, India has risen to US $ 480 billion (approx. as of end April, 2020)[5] Plus, India has 618.2 tons of gold in its foreign reserves.[6] This is the tenth largest in the world. India is the world’s 5th largest economy in nominal GDP terms, and third largest in PPP (Purchase Power Parity terms).
In 1947 India’s literacy rate of a pathetic 12%, off which female literacy rate was just above 1%. From that stage, today India has a literacy rate of 76%, while the youth of India has over 94% literacy rate. Most of the illiterates are in the old age group who never had a chance to be educated (till 1950s).[8] Today if all Indian Doctors, Engineers and scientists were to return to India, there would be a world wide crises. India is today, the highest provider of scientists, doctors and engineers to USA[9] and Europe, and Australia.
印度所取得的成就简直是奇迹。印度人已经证明，一个拥有数百种多样性、民族、语言、种姓、宗教和文化的国家，即使面对各种不利条件也能生存下来。如果上帝要考验人类是否能在巨大的劣势下生存，他会把1947年的印度作为一个完美的案例。事实上，印度毫发无损，这是一个奇迹！虽然，我们必须承认，有一些缺点弊端也随之而来，但印度还是克服了这些障碍。
在这个过程中，印度也犯了一些错误，并从中吸取了教训。印度认识到和平并不总是有效的，为了生存，国家必须装备武器，印度开始装备自己。今天，印度拥有世界第二大现役军人规模。世界第7大海军力量和第4大空军力量。
印度一直是一个左倾政府，直到1991年大经济危机袭击印度。印度差点拖欠债务。它的外汇储备只有三周的进口额，而支付员工工资的问题就在眼前。印度不得不承诺拿出67吨黄金储备，来借贷22亿美元的资金。黄金在印度人心中的价值是什么，抵押黄金是一种耻辱，印度对此非常重视。印度开始开放经济。印度的重心转向拥有可观的储备。如今，印度的外汇储备已增至4800亿美元（截至2020年4月底），此外，印度拥有618.2吨的黄金储备，是世界第十大黄金储备国。按名义GDP计算，印度是世界第五大经济体，以购买力平价（PPP）计算，印度是第三大经济体。
1947年，印度的识字率只有可怜的12%，而女性识字率仅略高于1%。今天印度的识字率为76%，而年轻人的识字率超过了94%。大多数文盲都是老年人，他们从来没有机会接受教育(直到20世纪50年代)。今天，如果所有的印度医生、工程师和科学家都回到印度，那将会引发一场全球性的危机。今天，印度是向美国、欧洲和澳大利亚输出科学家、医生和工程师最多的国家。
Subodh Mathur
India’s economy lags behind China’s which does not have this achievement at all
印度的经济落后于中国。
Baba Vickram Aditya Bedi
My father used to tell me as a child that the greatest thing a starving man could achieve was to find a source of food, and that India had done so as nation against all odds. India had been looted, subject to a rule of violence, racism and economic exploitation rarely seen in history. It would be reduced from the world’s largest economy, largest exporter of manufactured goods and agricultural foodstuffs to a nation unable to feed itself and divided. In 1947, India was a nation at war, with millions of refugees coming in both the Western and Eastern sectors of the nation. There were three weeks of foreign currency reserves. Soon India would run out of essential medicines, and they were no national resources, or currency to pay for them with. India’s ability to even make basic medicine had been all but destroyed in the 190 years of colonialism. Refined gasoline would go into shortage as the war effort in Kashmir continued. Major industries ceased to function as supply lines from East Bengal and West Punjab stopped. Yet, in this epic disaster Indian National Railways never stopped running, nor the will of India’s people to survive. Rich and poor, refugee and local all worked as one at this time for everyone knew this was the first time the dawn of freedom had come to rise, after 190 years of slavery, loss of Indian dignity, pride and hope for the masses of India.
在我还是个孩子的时候，父亲曾告诉我，饥饿的人能做的最棒的事情就是找到食物的来源，而印度作为一个国家克服了种种困难，终于做到了这一点。印度遭到掠夺，受到历史上罕见的暴力、种族主义和经济剥削。它将从全球最大的经济体、最大的制成品和农业食品出口国，变成一个无法养活自己、分裂的国家。
1947年，印度陷入战争状态，数百万难民涌入东部和西部地区。当时孟加拉有三周的外汇储备。不久，印度的基本药品告急，这些药品既没有国家资源，也没有采购资金。
在长达190年的殖民*义统治下，印度生产基本药物的能力几乎被摧毁殆尽。随着克什米尔战争的持续，精炼汽油也发生短缺。由于东孟加拉和西旁遮普的供应线中断，主要工业停止运转。然而，在这场史诗般的灾难中，印度国家铁路从未停止运送物资，印度人民的生存意志也从未停止。
在那个时候，富人和穷人，难民和当地人都齐心协力，因为每个人都知道，这是，在经历了190年的悲惨奴 役之后，在印度人民失去了尊严、自豪和希望之后，自由的黎明第一次出现。
Sanjay Goel
First achievement is India has remained United and have become stronger day by day.
When Britishers established their rule in India, India was divided into smaller kingdoms. Britishers saw the opportunity and used divide and rule and took over India by deceit.
When they left india, they divided india into two parts. They believed india would soon divide into smaller parts but it was Sardar Patel, who used every possible means to ensure india doesn't get further divided.
In fact Britishers believes India would diintegrate and Indians would come back for help and request them to rule.
Starting our journey as poor and illiterate country, we have become self sufficient and literacy rate is increasing.
We have.progressed leaps and bounds in IT and have become powerful nuclear force that can defend their boundaries and seas from hostile neighbours who are strong and cunning.
India is not only becoming stronger but also playing a major role in the global economy.
第一项成就是印度保持了团结，日益强大。
当英国人在印度建立统治政 权时，印度分裂成了许多更小的王国。英国人看到了机会，分而治之，用欺骗手段占领了印度。
当他们离开印度时，他们把印度分成了两部分。他们认为印度很快就会继续分裂，但Sardar Patel用尽全力来确保印度不会进一步分裂。
事实上，英国人认为印度会分裂，印度人会回头向他们寻求帮助，乞求他们继续统治。
我们从一个贫穷和文盲的国家起步，现在我们已经自给自足，识字率正在稳步上升。
我们在IT领域取得了跨越式的发展，并成为了一支强大的核武实力，能够保卫自己的边界和海域不受强大狡猾的邻国的威胁。
印度不仅越来越强大，而且已在全球经济中发挥着重要作用。
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